Commentary on Wilfred Owens Dulce Et Decorum Est Essay Example for Free

Commentary on Wilfred Owens Dulce Et Decorum Est EssayIn this commentary, we will take a deep look into this poem that Wilfred Owen wrote. In the poem, a group of spends are described, and their emotions. Using three guiding questions, this will be an introduction into the way Owen writes his poems. Answering these guiding questions will give the reader the fully package that the poem has to offer. The first guiding question that is to be answered is How are the feelings amongst the soldiers described? First of all, wholeness can say the soldiers all feel as if they were torn apart. This is notable in the way the soldiers cursed through sludge, and how the men marched asleep.Despite their fatigue, the group of men still have a strong bail, as they did not think only of themselves eyepatch shouting heavy weapon GAS Quick, boys . This explains they are prepared to share their senses, and not keep them to themselves only. The bond between the soldiers is also notable when they all watch their mate slowly die, while they can do nothing about it. The way the soldier feels while seeing his friends death, makes him (and probably his mates) feel that dying for their country, and seeing others die, isnt all that honourable. The second aspect of the poem that needs to be looked at is the atmosphere that the writer calls up.This atmosphere can be described as a dynamic one. It goes from the gray and darker mood to a fast-paced one, while closedown in the depressing situation of a friends death. The gray and dark atmosphere is found in the way the soldiers limped on, blood-shod through the land. The group was wino with fatigue, and didnt have the energy to walk in a faster pace. In line 9 however, the mood shifts as the green sea of gas approaches the soldiers. Described as an ecstasy, the men fought against the time and put on their helmets as soon as possible, to avoid death.The poem starts its depressing atmosphere in line 15, where the soldiers behold the d eath of their friend. They want to do anything to save him, but were hopeless, so they flung him in the wagon, and watched the white eyes writhing in his face. Owen leaves the reader with the selfsame(prenominal) emotions the soldiers felt, the fact that they felt betrayed by their country. Lastly, a look needs to be taken into the poetic devices in the poem, and how they contribute to the message. The most notable thing in this area is the way Owen shocks the reader. The message itself describes the old lie that dying for your country would be sweet and fitting.Owen wants the readers to understand how many people really care for one soldiers death. In the last paragraph its almost clearly stated how one would feel while dying for their country. The dying soldier leaving behind his hanging face, like a devils sick of sin would give an image of how he would be dying his horrifying death. The reader could imagine the pain the soldier has, and how the other soldiers around him would feel. These three given answers on the guiding questions should give you a more in erudition look into the poem, and give one understanding to the questions the reader might have himself.

The Dangers of Concussions in US Sports Essay Example for Free

The Dangers of Concussions in US Sports EssayConcussions in SportsGiven the potential for sprightliness threatening oral sex injuries or c beer ending headroom shots, cuts put one over become a growing problem in sports around the world. A style all too common in sports today is, he got his bell rung. This is, of course, referring to a big hit or gruesome body check prolong in a football game or hockey game. Currently, there is a lack of suitable evidence to support the recommendations for the management of traumatic cerebralor wag injuries. Recognizing and managing the do of shocks is especially important to those involved in the health c are of athletes (Sports Related Concussions). Head injuries are inherent risks that can occur in any sport, not just football and hockey. The question is, how can we prevent these grim and life threatening injuries from happening? I believe neurocognitive research and on the field examen are among the most vital ways to manage concu ssions as well as benefit the health care of athletes.BackgroundIn the United States, you have a 19% chance of suffering a concussion while playing a foregather sport moreover, over 300,000 sports related concussions occur annually. Among college football players, 34% have reported at least one serious head dent during their career additionally, 20% of these injured athletes have free burning quaternary head traumas. Concussions often cause significant and sustained neuropsychological impairments in information-processing speed, problem solving, planning, and memory, and these impairments are worse with multiple concussions (Sports Related Concussions).DefinitionThe brain is do of soft t stretch forth cushioned by spinal fluid, and is encased in the hard, protective skull. When a person gets a head injury, the brain moves around at bottom the skull and bangs against it. This can lead to bruising of the brain, tearing of blood vessels, and injury to the nerves (Quinn). A concuss ion of the brain results in transient loss of consciousness or memory in many cases (Dictionary.com).NeurocognitiveTestingConcussions and brain injuries are among the most difficult to identify. Very few athletes actually lose consciousness, which is one of the most common symptoms. legion(predicate) athletes are simply fervent to return to the field, which could cause even more harm. Returning to play too soon after a brain injury or concussion, may lead to serious life-threatening complications. A computerized neurocognitive taste, combined with a thorough medical exam, may better assist a adept physician with the return-to-play decision (Computerized). One particular evaluation tool, the ImPACT turn out, has become renowned among all professional sports teams.Developed by Dr. Joseph Maroon, a Pittsburgh Steeler neurosurgeon, the ImPACT test utilizes a twenty minute quiz involving words, pictures, and colors. Medical doctors analyze the results and compare them to a baseline test taken in the beginning of the athletes season (Yahoo Sports). With the affix of attention to sports related head injuries, doctors are seeing more and more tests and products that claim to identify or prevent head injuries. According to Dr. Lovell, mouthpieces, ear pieces, and helmets are great for research purposes, but they cant tell if someone has been injured or if they should be playing (Yahoo Sports).On-Field or Sideline EvaluationWhen an athlete is pretend of having a concussion, one of the best ways to detect a serious head injuryis through the evaluation of symptoms, neurocognitive functioning, and balance immediately after the injury occurs. The subject area Athletic Trainers Association suggests a checklist such as, the Graded Symptom Checklist, should be used when evaluatinga head injury. By checking off symptoms and watching the athlete over a period of 72 hours, you can greatly reduce any chance of reoccurrence.Another suggested method of evaluation is the Stan dardized Assessment of Concussion Exam this test utilizes four graded sections, which include orientation, immediate memory, concentration, and delayed recall. This 30 point test can be completed in about five legal proceeding and is easily given right on the side line during a game. Another test, the Balance Error Scoring System, can easily be performed by a trainer of coach. The athlete stands in three different positions and is timed for 20 seconds each ultimately, the less coordination the player shows, the mettlesomeer the risk of a concussion is evident (kch.illinois.edu).How do Concussions occur?Concussions can happen in any sport, at any time. They can occur during drills in practice, as well as in games. In fact, injuries during practice can be just as serious as those that happen during a game. Although more prevalent in contact sports, they may result from a fall, or when a moving object strikes a persons head. A blow that twists the head is more likely to result in los s of consciousness (Familydoctor.org).Mechanism of InjuryStudies show the most common mechanism of a concussion is when an athlete is moving at a high rate of speed and collides with another object (Quinn). Immediately, the brain shifts inside the skull and strikes the bony surfaces. A direct impact to an athletes head causes shock waves to pass through the skull to the brain. This convulsive impact creates acceleration which may lead to shear, tensile and compression forces. On average, three to five percent of all sport and recreational injuries are head injuries (Quinn),Signs and SymptomsThe signs of a concussion do not always immediately appear. Headache, amnesia, and confusion, dizziness, slurred speech, and fatigue are the most common symptoms of concussions. In addition, the duration of time that symptoms are present is often indefinable, and depends on the extent of the injury (Mayoclinic.com).Even a minor blow to the head can result in a concussion if left untreated, it ca n result in a life-threatening complication (Internationalbrain.org). Sidney Crosby, a National Hockey League super star for the Pittsburgh Penguins, is currently not playing this post season after a concussion he sustained on New Years Day. Unfortunately, he was cleared to play the really next game, and suffered another blow to the head. Sidney was symptom free after the first hit, and apparently, he did not show signs of concussions until the second hit. Had Crosby been given a better on-ice evaluation, he would not have been cleared to play, and could have evaded the second concussion all together.Additionally, the problem is just as prevalent in the National Football League. At the University of North Carolinas Center for the Study of Retired Athletes, studies of brain injuries were performed on more than 2,500 former N.F.L. players. These studies found that cognitive impairment, Alzheimers-like symptoms and depression rose proportionately with the number of concussions the for mer athletes had sustained (Quinn).N.F.L. player, Andre Waters committed suicide in November 2004, and an explanation for his death has remainedunknown for years. He left a suicide note stating he would like to leave his brain for science to further study the effects of concussions. A Pittsburgh neuropathologist, Dr. Bennet Omaluh, was given permission to perform such tests. The doctor concluded that Mr. Waters had sustained brain damage from playing football, and said this led to his depression and death. The doctor determined that Mr. Waterss brain tissue had degenerated into that of an 85 year-old man with similar characteristics as those of early point Alzheimers victims. Dr. Omalu said he believed that the damage was caused by successive concussions (neurosurgery.pitt.edu).I believe there needs to be congressional help in combating this difficult issue of athletic concussions. Wearing a good quality helmet, a mouthpiece, and strengthening the neck muscles can help prevent conc ussions however, much responsibility lies on the doctors, coaches, and meet medical staff. Also, although athletes may be eager to return to play, they need to be honest with the examiner, telling him or her exactly how they feel (EHow.com). On the field baseline neurocognitive test may be our best hope for the time being, that is, until more research on concussions and the equipment players use can be conducted.

Postmodernism in the media

Postmodernism in the mediaIntroduction to postmodernism, the media and the receivedThe increasingly mediatised culture we exsert in today has lead us to be dominated by and dependent upon the production and consumption of images. Notions of objectivity and empiricism in the foolic chip in long since disappeargond, but can we still locate our sense of the reliable in images? This dissertation exit theatrical role many theories and ideas that discuss the role of photography, postmodernism and the real at bottom todays culture and media. It will start with a discussion of the reasoning for the initial shift back towards the real. This shift mainly stemmed from postmodernism and the media. Postmodernism dealt with the idea of neer ending author and the worship about post-modern culture was that this never ending reference meant that exclusively grip on verity had disappeared. thither was a coveting to return to something more stable and basic the real? Photographers started to try and return to the purely descriptive photography from the times before the mass referencing of postmodernism. Due to postmodernism, we are constantly searching for meaning and analysis in images. This constant analysis of images has exhausted our trust and interest in the photograph there was a command to create images different from the ones we see every day in the media in tell apart to re-find our trust in the image as truth and as art. Which will lead onto look foring at how, due to advances in technology and developments in photography, the impudent fast changing everyday image led to our relationships and emotions becoming mediatised. We re- break down neverthelessts and experiences with images, which leads to a leaving of the real. We cogitate the image rather than the event. The media nominate a huge influence on events, advertising even our emotions and relationships. I will look at how some photographers can play a part in the manipulation and influence fr om the media that seems so much to control us and shape our world. still some photographers began to step a carriage from the media, and postmodernism, older, slower technologies began to re-emerge. The single image produced from these methods of holding could bring back the processes of our memory that have been mingled due to the sheer add up of information we get from other technologies.This leads onto the main question posed in this dissertation can we ever (re)find the real? How much is this nonion of the real influenced and make by the media influence in our world? Some would say that even photos that appear to be descriptive cannot escape being subjected to analysis and placed within a context of viewing. Maybe they can never be void of reference and construction? Maybe images can never provide the clear, stable chance variable of populace that we want from them? Will we continue to be consumed by images, or is there a future beyond the cycle of referencing left by po stmodernism? shag we ever (re)find authenticity, originality and a true form of photography that can direct us to the real? How has this affected our media? And how has it influenced the media to change and shape our world?Chapter One What caused sight to lose a sense of the real?Postmodernism emerged as an art form in the mid to late 1980s and seemed to grow from and relate to the modernist movement. Postmodernism simply spurned the idea of originality the original, raw element within a photograph was replaced with the concept of reference and quotation. Finding something authentic and original as an idea was discarded. Essentially, postmodernism is the end of the new as something new within Postmodernism is looked upon as the byproduct of re-combining one or more different elements from within an already existing culture. An image has to refer to, use or quote another image or text, which will have referred to another image, which will have referred to a further different ima ge and so on a never-ending reference has begun and we begin to lose a sense of the real.Postmodernist culture enjoyed this play with signs of never ending reference, where the more you contend the less anyone seemed to k flat what reality it was hint(Bate 2004)(1)Some early Postmodernist photographers include Andy Warhol, David Hockney, Edward Weston and Cindy Sherman. Shermans untitled films stills refer to trashy Hollywood films.These early works of hers were cleverly named Untitled then Film Still no indicating that they can be given any meaning and could refer to an actual specific existing film. The watcher is given a reference which leads to yet another representation, not reality itself.In short here is a picture from a film, but I am not going to tell you which one, a message complicated by the fact that the photographs were not actual films stills.(Bate2004)(2)The factor that was feared about postmodernism is that the never-ending reference meant that all grip on real ity has disappeared and this lead to a wishing to return to a simpler, more stable and basic way of working. We have helpless a sense of what is real within art and culture due to reality being discarded in favour of mass inter-textual referencing. save the fear about post-modern culture was that there no longer an anchor to reality at all, that reality had disappeared into an endless chain of other representations.(Bate 2004)(3)There began to be a wish to return to the values of the straight and pure photograph of modernism and everything that post modernism had rejected. A wish to return to something stable and basic, a wish to take a purely descriptive photograph. Some photographers managed to create purely descriptive work, an example of this could be Justin Partykas work The East Anglians.This ongoing body of work about the rural and agricultural area of East Anglia is a purely descriptive study of the landscape and commonwealth, who live, work and own the land in it. But th e title The East Anglians could refer to Robert Franks The Americans a post World War II look beneath the surface of American life. Is anybody of work free from this postmodern trap every photographer seems to fall into.The rise in postmodernism lead to photography being used more as an art form, and began to become normal with twain artists and the public. It was no longer a low form of art and became widely accepted. Photography was used more by everyone and so began to develop further, stellar(a) to major advances in technology. With the invention of mobile phone tv cameras and the internet and email, it is easy to take a photograph and send it anywhere in the world in seconds. These new technologies mediatised our relationships and emotions.Yet despite the idea that these mobile technologies bring us all closer to each other, we are caught up in a contradiction, since they increasingly mediatise our relationships to one another. To look at something it has to be kept at a di stance.(Bate 2004)(4)With digital technology today, there is no longer a need to grasp for photographs to be processed, no need to wait until the end of a holiday or event to see the photographs and an less limited amount of photographs can be taken on that one camera as opposed to the 24 or 36 with the most comm only(prenominal) used 35mm negative film. This means citizenry are taking so many photographs of everything rather than considering what particularly they would wish photographs of. An unlimited sense has been brought into photography. This has lead to a button in the real, and a loss in the value of photography. Previously at an important event such as a holidays, birthdays or weddings, families would use probably just one camera and probably only one or 2 films per event, some families using just one film per year for every event, numbering in a a couple of(prenominal) photographs being taken which would then be put in an album and often reviewed. Now with digital t echnologies, people tend to have many cameras per family and at every event, low-down or large, hundreds of photographs can get taken, the difference being these would then be put on a computer and most would never be looked at. This is where we have lost the value of photography, before digital it was precious, every photograph was considered, thought about and enjoyed afterwards. This has also lead to us remembering the photograph of the event rather than the actual event. If we spend all day photographing what is going on around us, we will remember just those photographs and not what was actually chance we remember the image rather than the real. Perhaps to properly look at something you have to take a step back, away from our fast pace society.The loss of the real in postmodernism and now in the digital era has left artist and photographs wishing to go back to simpler times. unused art is often now made up of redundant processes which are older and slower which then sets thi s new art form apart from the images and photographs we see in everyday media culture. New technologies are being left in favour of older and slower ones which are apparently more real. More traditional and simple methods of photography seemed to be linked to the concept of the real, as they are different from the photographs we see every day on the news and in the media.Hal Foster in his book The legislate of the Real says he feels that we have not left postmodernism completely, it has become what is normal to us we have a postmodernism realism. The consequence of this that we change the way we want reality to be constructed. Foster feels that simply postmodernism has become dmod.(Foster 1996)(5)Photography now draws on elements of film, advertisements, postcards etc. to create imagery that is inter-textual and referential to those other pictures, these new images create the realism of this visually mediated culture post-modern realism is now the normal.Along with the development of photography, video and film also began to expand and change. Photography was the only way of stopping time, a photograph was a moment captured in time on film forever. Now a freeze frame like that can come from any number of sources. Photographs began to be pulled from existing moving images a video. This is achievable by anyone as DVDs or VHSs or even live television can be paused, creating a freeze frame a moment, captured in time.What was once the sole countenance and product of the photograph is now every bit likely to be the result of a cinema or video freeze-frame(Bate 2004)(6)This has changed photography, as now instead of the image being of an actual event, they were now selected from the way the event had already been interpreted. Newspapers and news channels were no longer using photographers to capture the perfect picture they were using video and selecting the image from the video. This is called second order realism. Selecting the decisive moment is still dependan t on a person knowing when to push a button, but is now selecting a still from an already decided and produced moving image. A photograph is supposed to be a moment locked in time but now it is more often than not pulled out of an image bank full of video freeze-frames. Film and video has stolen what makes photography special the decisive moment. Therefore the specificity and specialness of photography has to find itself in some other attribute of photography.Chapter 2 How does the media shape our world and the concept of real?Mass media is a huge part of our lives today, and has to influence us in some way. Images have become our reality due to the media. A news story would not impact without an image, and as soon as an image is shown it is a reality and remembers as if the viewer was at the event themselves. Guy Debord in Comments on the Society of the Spectacle talks about how developments in photographs and mass media have contributed to what Debord describes as the society of the spectacle. In the spectacular world images and representations become our reality and everything exists as and for images. Real-life experiences become repressed and events take place in a mediated, pseudo-reality. Experience, events, and even our emotions, both on an individual and public scale are heavily mediated. Where images refer to one another endlessly the originality and authenticity of them are abolished. As a result of this, it is claimed we have lost any relation to the real.The spectacle has now spread itself to the point where it now permeates all reality(Debord 1988) (7)Victor Burgin studied people who believed that media events were their own memories in Possessive, Pensive and Possessed. Sociologists at the University of Provence found that people can become confused and merge their own personal memories with memories from scenes of films or other media productions.I saw at the cinema would simply become I saw.(Burgin 2006)(8)This is called a screen memory, whe re you remember something from a film instead of from real life. It is in place of and conceals a equal suppressed memory.In the past, big events did happen but people knew less about them as there was no type of media production to let them know. It seldom went beyond those involved. Now because of media we all know about every event, and add these events to our memories, even though we have not actually physically experienced them. We lay to rest our real experiences and replace them with events from the media. For example, the 9/11 terrorist attacks in New York City will be remember by everyone worldwide, but only a small number of people actually experienced and saw the event, but everyone will remember the event and visualise it from the images they saw.When retrieveing of these terrorist attacks many people will think of this and many other images which were taken at the event. These images will be in their memory as if they were in New York City on that day, meaning they r emember events from a media production which has now become their own memory which relates back to Burgins study into screen memories.Our reaction to big events such as the 9/11 terrorist attacks is to experience and re-live the event through the images which are presented to us. Thomas De Zengotita talks of how there is a bubble of mediated representation which he calls the blob. In the world of the blob, significant catastrophes such as the 9/11 terrorist attacks are almost poignant enough to burst the bubble,Something like that will feel as if it might be sharp enough, as if it might pierce the membrane and slice the pulp.(De Zengotita 2007)(9)With the developments in digital photography and manipulation we can find that we re-live and experience events that did not even happen. We look at a manipulated image, take it to be the truth and believe what is in there. The media can now influence us to believe something that is not true. at once we have seen the images, manipulated or not it is not surprising that our reaction is to experience and re-live the event through those images, adding them to our bank of mediated events in our memory. In other words, it all becomes part of the spectacle.ConclusionIn this dissertation I have looked into postmodernism within photography and how this has changed what is the real and how the media influence the real and our emotions and shapes our world today. The rise in postmodernism meant a no-ending reference for every photograph, film etc. On photograph refers to another photograph which refers to a video, which in turn refers another photograph and so on. There was nothing new post modernism was the end of the new. This results in a loss of the real, a loss of just purely descriptive photography. This loss of the real within photography is only enhanced by developments in photography making it accessible to everyone meaning the value of a photograph and photography is not as high. Which in turn is was not helped by the development in video and film, anyone being able to create a freeze-frame, a moment pin down in time by pausing their DVD, VHS or live TV player. Photography has lost what was special about it the decisive moment. Therefore, older more traditional photographic methods have begun to be used again, in a search for the real within photography. Furthermore, the media document every event and present their interpretation of this event to people in images. People experience and re-live that event through the images the media presented to us, and add those images into their own memories even though they did not actually experience the event themselves. This leads to losing what we know as reality. In my opinion, postmodernism and the no-ending reference meant that we are now always looking for analysis of a photograph and a reason and reference behind it. We cannot appreciate the salmon pink of a photograph if we are looking for something else within it, and that is where and why we end up losing a sense of the real. Developments in photography and film also have not helped with this, and a limit on the amount of photographs we take would mean the images can assist our memory not be our memory. This sense of the real is not lost, but could be forgotten within photography, and taking a step back just to look at a photograph as a whole would bring back the real into that photograph.References Postmodernist culture enjoyed this play with signs of never ending reference, where the more you played the less anyone seemed to know what reality it was touching(Bate 2004) In short here is a picture from a film, but I am not going to tell you which one, a message complicated by the fact that the photographs were not actual films stills.(Bate2004) But the fear about post-modern culture was that there no longer an anchor to reality at all, that reality had disappeared into an endless chain of other representations.(Bate 2004) Yet despite the idea that these mobile technolo gies bring us all closer to each other, we are caught up in a contradiction, since they increasingly mediatise our relationships to one another. To look at something it has to be kept at a distance.(Bate 2004) Postmodernism has become dmod.(Foster 1996) What was once the sole privilege and product of the photograph is now equally likely to be the result of a cinema or video freeze-frame(Bate 2004) The spectacle has now spread itself to the point where it now permeates all reality(Debord 1988) I saw at the cinema would simply become I saw.(Burgin 2006) Something like that will feel as if it might be sharp enough, as if it might pierce the membrane and slice the pulp.(De Zengotita 2007)BibliographyBooksFOSTER H The Return of The Real The Avant-Garde at the End of The Century 1996DEBORD G Comments on the Society of the Spectacle 1988DE ZENGOTITA T Mediated How The Media Shape Your World 2007 Essays check D After Thought, Source 40 30-33 Belfast Photo Works 2004BATE D After Thought II, Source 41 34-39 Belfast Photo Works 2004BURGIN V Possessive, Pensive and Possessed The Cinematic, London, Whitechapel Ventures Ltd 2007 Websiteshttp//www.esquire.com/features/ESQ0903-SEP_FALLINGMANhttp//www.justinpartyka.comhttp//www.cindysherman.com/index.phphttp//www.lensculture.com/bate1.html

Factors Contributing To Global Warming Environmental Sciences Essay

Factors Contributing To Global Warming Environmental Sciences EssayIn the 21st century, negative environmental and economical effect have been experienced receivable to world(a) heating. Global thawing is defined as warming of Earths coat and lower atmosphere which tends to intensify with an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Basically spherical warming is exactly what it sounds like the warming of earths temperature. Global warming is increasing very rapidly, everyone has to take action against it by considering how it occurs, how it impacts the normal personal life of people, and how it suffer be prevented. However, it is very important for everyone to know how they contribute to the causes of global warming.In the present day life global warming is caused in many ways, but the most important is line contaminant. Firstly, carbon dioxide and other calumniatory gases from force play plants, argon released into air which causes the toxicity of the air to increase. Nucl ear power plants which are ancient and unchecked can increase the carbon dioxide by 35% in year 2030. At the same time most of the power plants in North America emits carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and mercury pollution (Cleaner power plants, 2007). Half of the gases that are emitted from these power plants are dangerous to everyone. Second cause for increasing in global warming is carbon dioxide from vehicles. Burning the rock oil products to run automotive transport vehicles cause pollutants like SO2, CO, CO2 which are being released into air. In the year 2003 North America had over 236 million vehicles which is trusty for nearly half of all greenhouse gases emitted by automobiles globally (Bureau of Transportation Statics, 2009). Furthermore, air pollution is also caused by smoking cigarettes. When someone smokes the nicotine chemical flows into the air which cause air pollution. According to Vince (2004) of New Scientist air pollution emitted by cigarett es is 10 times greater than diesel motor car exhaust. Most people are trusty for the air pollution, which contributes to global warming.Another cause of increasing in global warming is use of fossil fuels. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into atmosphere. Vehicles are the highest sours of fossil fuels use. For every one million gallons of gasoline consumed by vehicles releases approximately 10,000 tons of carbon dioxide into atmosphere (Gable, n,d.(1)). Also the use of fossil fuels in power plants releases lots of toxic gases. In fact that human destroy the environment to obtain these fossil fuels and burn them releasing masses of carbon dioxide into atmosphere. It is also verbalize that power generation plants accounts for near one quarter of total emissions of carbon dioxide (Carbon dioxide Emissions, 2007 (2)). Finally theatres hold a huge stock in contributing to the effects of global warming. House hold appliance that burn fossil fuels like natural gas, coal, as fuel produces carbon dioxide leads to global warming. In 2003, the average household produced 12.4 tons of carbon dioxide from its household operations.(Hinkle Charitable, n.d.(10)), and even the construction and operation of residential units is the cause of 40% of all CO2 (Greenhouse gases, 2008). As one can see, everyone is responsible for increasing is global warming, everyone has to become more aware of the detrimental effects their lifestyle has on the rapidly increasing rate of global warming.Due to global warming, world is experiencing extreme changes in climate. There is no doubt that the earth climate is constantly changing. Some people feel that it is part of the normal cycle per second of events on this planet. Yet, most scientists agree that there are drastic changes occurring that are due to unnatural global warming. It is said that the average surface temperature may full between 2o to 6o Celsius, by the end of 21st century (Riebeek, 2010(3)). Consequentl y, because of the changing prevail pattern, there has been an increase in droughts throughout the world. Years are becoming semiarid in recent decades due to global warming. This is caused by the heat that is building up around the earths surface. For instance There will be an increase in drought in the next 100 years, that will threaten millions of lives and take over half of the get surface on the planet.(Douglas, 2006 (4)). A big overflowing rise of global temperatures would eventually melt the worlds glaciers, and indeed a retreat of mountain glaciers since the 19th century was apparent in some regions. That would release abundant irrigate to raise the sea level a bit. Also there has been an increase in floods because of raise in sea level. It is said that nearly 81 people died and 1.03 $ billion has been damaged in the flood in the year 1954 (Public Safety Canada, 2007(5)). Therefore, the effects of global warming cannot be denied the increasing temperatures, extreme weat her patterns and climate change are all visibly connected to global warming.Besides temperature, global warming has been linked to an increase in water problems. pissing is habitant for several species. First, the depletion in ozone layer causes ultraviolet rays to fall directly on land and water without filter by ozone layer. When ultraviolet rays fall on water, those rays protrude many organism such as plankton. For example, the penetration of increased amount of uv radiation has caused great health problems of marine plankton, which are density lie the top 2 meters of ocean water (Sparling, 2001). Secondly, the most important problem to the environment is due to acid rains. Acid rains affect the life on land as well as in water. It is worse in water than on land because organism that live in water need water to survive. When the water gets polluted due to acid rains then these organism cant survive in those conditions. For example hundreds of lakes in the adirondacls have sou r levels indicative of chemical conditions unsuitable for the survival of sensitive fish species (Surface water, 1999)(13). Third important effect of global warming on water is increase in ocean acidification due to carbon dioxide that is being released into ocean. As the greater amount of carbon dioxide is being released into ocean makes it more acidic then its normal level. As ocean acidity increases, phytoplankton is invalidated. This results in less ocean plants able to uptake greenhouse gases. For example increased ocean acidity threatens marine life such as plankton, carols and lather fish, which may become extinct later this century form chemical effects of carbon dioxide (Lindell, 2008 (14)).Since we have helped the environment to increase global warming there is only few ways to slow global warming. Firstly, global warming can be reduced by using public transport preferably than personal vehicles. When people begin to make use of public transport instead of making use of their private vehicles, there will be a great reduction in the amount of energy supply that is being used. For instance, public transport in US saves approximately 1.4 billion gallons of gasoline and about 1.5 million tons of co2 annually (West, n.d.(6)). Secondly, global warming can also be reduced by using new cars instead of old cars, If someone buy a new car that gets 10 more miles per gallon then their old car, the amount of co2 reduced realized in one year will be about 2500 pounds. The new hybrid cars using efficient gas electric engines, can cut global warming pollution by 30% or more (Seaman 2009)(7). Further more global warming can be prevented by reducing the amount of galvanising power being consumed by everyone. This is a very critical problem because everyone has a habituation on electricity. Thats why this problem cant be work but somehow it can be reduced by switching to energy saving light such as florescent light bulbs with compact fluorescent fixture bulbs. Fo r each CFL bulb replacement, one can lower the energy bill and keep nearly 700 pounds of co2 out of the air over the bulbs lifetime (Seaman, 2009). use the Natural source of energy is also the best way to reduce global warming. Firstly, by keeping wind turbines in places that are always aeriform to produce electricity because they dont produce any pollution or green house gases. Some people say that wind energy is one form of energy that is rapidly improving and growing, use of wind energy reduces the environmental impact of generating electricity because it requires no fuel and does not produce pollution or green house gases (Natural Resources Canada, 2009)(8). Secondly, every country can use solar photovoltaic energy. It will help to reduce the amount of green house gases, For insistent photovoltaic technology has become a favoured form of renewable energy technology due to a number of social and economic factors including the need to reduce green house gas emission, deregulator s and the restructuring of electric power generating companies(Natural Resources Canada, 2010)(9). Thirdly, the most used form of energy, hydro energy, is one of the best options for replacing highly polluting and very costly diesel generation that currently provides electric energy in remote communities. For example a hydroelectric power plant doesnt emit any pollutants such as carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide given off by fossil fuel fired power plants. In this respect, hydropower is better than burning coal, oil or natural gas to produce electricity, as it does not contribute to global warming or acid rain(citation 11). These are the some of the natural resource which can help to reduce global warming.In conclusion, everyone is responsible for an increase in global warming by destruction of forest and polluting the world. In addition to this everyones dependency on fossil fuels also contributed to the increasing rate of global warming. It is also due to increasing temperatures t hat everyones life is being affected due to air pollution. Finally, there are the environmental effects that global warming has brought increased temperature, climate change and raising sea levels have all contributed to the effect of global warming. Therefore, everyone mustiness acknowledge their contribution and the overwhelming evidence that global warming is occurring. Only then everyone will move toward to save the earth.

Corporation Law Case Study

Corporation rightfulness Case Study1. What common lawfulness obligation and statutory concern if any has Julian breached?In the case involved, Julian had definitely breached his common, as well as statutory duties as a Director of Property Developments Ltd when he intentionally displayd a confidential information, the bidding prices of various interested architectural firms, to his familiar Raphael. More so, his failure to disclose to the Board that Raphael who will submit a tender is an take on of dishonesty and bad faith.Common law provides that due to the fiduciary role of handlers in the company, they throw off a commerce not to ab aim any confidential information that they knew or acquire as a consequence of their dapple. In Thomas marshall (Exports) Ltd v Guinle 1979 Ch 227., the Court states that it is a breach of duty if a Director would be disclosing details of the companys clients or suppliers in situations where such information would be considered to generate been given in confidence.That in the case sample, it was clear that Julian who was in charge of the tender process, intentionally discloses the bidding prices of the various interested firms so that his brother could make a better bidding price.More so, Julian also violated Section 183 of the Corporations present 2001 Use of Information.Under the said proviso, it states that A somebody who obtains information because they are, or suffer been, a managing director or other officer or employee of a corporation must not improperly use the information to (a) gain an advantage for themselves or someone else or (b) cause detriment to the corporation.A person who obtains information because they are, or have been, a director of a corporation must not improperly use the information to gain an advantage for themselves or someone else, or cause detriment to the corporation. (s 183 Corporations wager 2001 (Cth)).Another duty that Julian breached is his failure to disclose that his brothe r will submit a tender whom he initially informed of the bidding prices of his brothers counterparts.Directors have a duty not to have a personal interest in a transaction with the company. A director will breach this duty where he or she enters into a contract with the company either directly (by personally contracting with the company) or indirectly (such as where the director is both a director and shareholder of another company which contracts with the first company of which he/she is a director).1Another qualification to the duty to avoid conflicts of interest is where a director makesfulldisclosure of the nature of his or her interest in the transaction to members of thecompany at a general meeting, and the transaction is approved by ordinary resolution.2Julian breached his duty to act in good faith because he leaked the information to his brother and did not disclosed his relationship with Raphael to the Board.2. What common law or statutory duty have Sol and Daniel breached? A director or other officer of a corporation must exercise their powers and discharge their duties with the degree of care and diligence. (Section 180-Corporations Act 2001). Directors are required to make an informed and independent judgement on decisions put to the board of directors3, and are required to place themselves in a position to guide the company and monitor its management.4As directors, Sol and Daniel should have verified or put queries to the proposed land to be acquired by the company. It is their basic duty to retire the value of the land and how to finance the acquisition as the interest of the company is at stake in the situation.In Land Credit Company of Ireland v Lord Fermoy, 771, Lord Hatherly states, it would be carrying the doctrine of liability too far to say that directors are liable for negligence, not because they did not ask whether the borrowers were solvent and respectable, only because they did not inquire what they were going to do with the money.A pplying the afore stated doctrine, it laid that Sol and Daniel failed to observe their common and statutory duty to act with care and diligence.3. If the directors have breached their duties do any of them have a defence and if not what are the consequences for them? Julian throne be slapped with civil and criminal charges because of his acts. In the case sample, he breached his duties to act in good faith, not to make improper of position and not to make improper use of information. Julian can hardly have a defence on his side if his acts are discovered.As to Sol and Daniel they can be charged with civil offense for acting without care and diligence. However, both can make a defence that they did not acted in bad faith as they are in honest belief that the deal was proper and around importantly it did not put the company into disadvantageous position.If proven guilty, Julian, Sol, and, Daniel could be beauteousd up to A$ 200,000.00, or ordered to be disqualified as director as t heir civil liabilities. As to the criminal liability of Julian he could face an imprisonment up to five (5) years or a fine of A$ 200,000.00 or both.ReferencesCorporations Act 2001pwc.com.au. A guide to directors duties and responsibilities for non-listed public companies and proprietary companies in AustraliaIan M Ramsay 1997, Corporate Governance and the Duties of Company Directors. The Centre for Corporate Law and Securities Regulation Faculty of Law The University of Melbourne1 South Australia v Clark (1996) 14 ACLC 1019.2 Woolworths Ltd v Kelly 1991 22 NSWLR 1893AWA Ltd v Daniels (t/as Deloitte Haskins Sells) (1992) 7 ACSR 7594 Daniels (formerly practising as Deloitte Haskins Sells) v Anderson (1995) 37 NSWLR 438

Indigenous Irrigation Knowledge and Sustainable Development in Asia :: Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Indigenous Irrigation Knowledge and Sustainable Development in Asia David Groenfeldt suggests that village communities need to organize and stabilize their let resources, initially, which will strengthen the development capacity of the village and help to establish an independent institution. Groenfeldt argues that the classic development solution of bringing in and applying new ideas is slight efficient in the long run because local indigenous ways are already established and being practiced. The one major point that Groenfeldt makes in his argument for sustainable development is the idea that community involvement from day one needs to be present before the project even has a chance at succeeding. The author writes in order to relay the message that success starts from the bottom up and that developers need to include the communities in the development and physical body stages of a project so that when the developer leaves the project will sustain itself. In beginning, o ne needs to know some basic information on the cognition presented in the article. In particular, Groenfeldt talks about a charitable organization referred to as AKRSP (Aga Khan Rural Support Programme). This organizations purpose is to raise the spirits of communities by dint of productive development. One example of this organizations work, dealt with a community that was struggling with its irrigation canals. This organizations primary concern is not developing a successful irrigation system, but it is to expand and do up the knowledge of the community. If the community knows more about the nuts and bolts of the situation than the community can develop plans to improve their irrigation system. These plans will be overseen by a trained government or Non-Governmental Official, but the framework and the structure of the system will be developed in such a way that the raft will be efficiently running the program on their own. In addition, these projects will be chosen from the com munitys top priorities instead of from the priorities of foreign officials. This system will again aid in sustainability because the people will be excited and encouraged from the beginning. Groenfeldt develops a three-step plan of the AKRSP approach. The first point that he makes about the AKRSP approach is the idea that the villagers in this community need to come to a collective understanding about what the project will be and how the refinement of the project will be accomplished.

Were Romans Obsessed with Violence? :: Ancient Rome Roman History

Were Romans Obsessed with Violence?In many modern books written about Ancient Rome and her mickle, the Romans are often portrayed as brutal and unforgiving people who enjoyed violence and thought it amusing to see people creation injured and killed to the point of obsession. It is my aim to establish whether this classification is justified or if it is simply an exaggeration of what a small group of people enjoyed. mend it is known that in Rome there were gladiatorial fights, public beatings and the keeping of slaves was legal (and common), it is also important to understand just exactly how advanced the Romans were. The Longman mental lexicon of the English Language defines civilised as of or being peoples of nations in a state of civilisation. And then defines civilisation as a relatively juicy level of cultural development specifically the stage of cultural development at which writing and the keeping of records is attained. I think that by this definition, the Romans were civ ilised, the educated being able to write and detailed records being kept by many historians.The Romans also had written laws and government, including (later) an assembly for the poorer classes. In fact, their system of law was actually rather advanced (even if it was designed to help the rich) - The idea was accepted that a mans intentions ought to be taken into account, and there was less importance attached to what he did and what he meant to do. The nigh thing to become established was the notion that all men must be inured equally. This way of thinking was very advanced and not savage or uncivilised at all, in fact the same notion that all men should be treated equally was not established in America, Australia and other countries for many years.It is now common knowledge that, in Ancient Rome, people often attended (and enjoyed) gladiatorial fights to the death, wild beast hunts, naval battles and chariot racing, all which often had religious origins. During the reign of Ca esar, thousands of men and animals were butchered just to make a Roman holiday The Romans also enjoyed pantomimes and plays which too were often very unwarranted in nature - It was not uncommon for a condemned criminal to be executed on stage as part of the play. In modern sources, it is often portrayed that slaves were treated more harshly than was actually the case.