Globalization and the Capitalist State Redundant Essay

Globalization and the Capitalist State Redundant - Essay Example In view of the Marxist globalization has been seen as an expansion or development of capitalism in the world. Like other traditional works that were seen to fit in a loose framework of anti-globalization, Marxism may not be described as a single movement nor can it be described as following a unitary intellectual practice from a theoretical perspective. In this case we should understand that Marxism as whole has been engaging with contemporary phenomena in a way that the manner and the mindsets that it has been postulating in the past has been evidence in class, political economy, labor, capitalism and in many other socialism concepts and revolution described as the central axis of globalization. (Ollman 1998, p.87) Â  With the end of communism in Eastern Europe in the 1990s, and the consequent embrace of the capitalism like in the Peoples Republic of China has been expressed as the end of the Marxism’s period. Regardless of the fact that the world has embraced the capitalist economies, Marxism still present a poignant and painful way of accounting for globalization. This has been witnessed in what is happening in the aftermath of the wave that took the world from the 1990s. Marxism has been expressed in many areas like the free-markets, oppressed and exploited labor, modernization, and many other reforms that have been carried out in the political, social and economic systems of the world. Â  Globalization has been described as the increased interaction of the world or the opening up the world. In the last few decades, there has been increased movement of people and goods. There has been the emergence of the new market. Therefore globalization has been a tendency to create a unipolar world though it has been expressed mostly in economic terms.

Perception and Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Perception and Decision Making - Essay Example Perception is defined on the Wikipedia as follows: "In psychology and the cognitive sciences, perception is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory information." (Wikipedia, 2006b). It goes further explaining how perceptions are formed, how they change, and how there can be no perception at all. Let's see: "Many cognitive psychologists hold that, as we move about in the world, we create a model of how the world works. That is, we sense the objective world, but our sensations map to percepts, and these percepts are provisional, in the same sense that scientific hypotheses are provisional (cf. in the scientific method). As we acquire new information, our percepts shift. () Just as one object can give rise to multiple percepts, so an object may fail to give rise to any percept at all: if the percept has no grounding in a person's experience, the person may literally not perceive it." (Wikipedia, 2006b). "Decision making is the cognitive process of selecting a course of action from among multiple alternatives. Every decision-making produces a final choice. It can be an action or an opinion. It begins when we need to do something but we do not know what. Therefore decision-making is a reasoning process which can be rational or irrational, and can be based on explicit assumptions or tacit assumptions." (Wikipedia, 2006a). In the decision-making process many biases can get in the way. Among the reasons for this kind of drawback the Wikipedia enumerates the following reasons: "Selective search for evidence Premature termination of search for evidence Conservatism and inertia Experiential limitations Selective perception Wishful thinking or optimism Recency Repetition bias Anchoring and adjustment Group think - Peer pressure Source credibility bias Incremental decision making and escalating commitment Inconsistency Attribution asymmetry Role fulfillment Underestimating uncertainty and the illusion of control Faulty generalizations Ascription of causality". (Wikipedia, 2006a). On a closer analysis to all these causes that provoke error in the decision-making process it is easy to find "perception" at the core of all these evils. Most of the causes for faulty decisions in the business real of action happen due to misperceptions in one way or the other. The Wikipedia goes on explaining how the ethical principles of decision making vary widely. It lists the following principles and methods as the most common in any decision-making process: "the most powerful person/group decides (method: dictatorship or oligarchy) everyone participates in a certain class of meta-decisions (method: parliamentary democracy) everyone participates in every decision (direct democracy, consensus decision making)" (Wikipedia, 2006a). As "Groundwork for Making Effective Decisions" the Josephson Institute of Ethics states the following concepts, emphasizing our responsibility and accountability in any decision-making process: "Whether or not we realize it at the time, all our words, actions and attitudes reflect choices. A foundation to good decision-making is acceptance of two core principles: we all have the power to decide what we do and what we say, and we are morally responsible for the consequences

To write an executive summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

To write an executive summary - Essay Example An agile project typically uses several repetitions or deliveries of software instead of waiting up to the end of the project being undertaken in order to provide one product. Projects with heavy constraints, inexperienced and dispersed teams, huge risks, generally clear and up-front requirements, and a rigid completion date are often carried out by utilizing a predictive or traditional approach. This is attributable to the conservative and safe nature of the traditional approach. Projects with less rigid constraints, experienced and co-located teams, smaller risks, unclear requirements and more flexible scheduling would be appropriately done using agile approach. The findings also indicates that in any case, managing projects still involves actions in each of the project management processes namely initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing. Scrum is the leading and main agile development methodology for completing projects with a complex and innovative scope of work In conclusion, a firm can still use the five process groups involved in project management to manage an agile project while at the same using the unique aspects of a spectrum approach. The amplified interest in agile project management technique is grounded partly on the anticipation that it will somehow make project management easier. The scrum process offers a simplified method and process of managing complex and innovative range of work. Many individuals believe that using the agile approach to managing projects is totally different from a more traditional or predictive approach. This is not true as the project management process group, which is, initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling and closing can also be used in an agile approach but with different terms, techniques and outputs. The agile approach is often more

Production and operation management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Production and operation management - Essay Example The organization has able to fulfil its demand as a supplier of extractor and exhaust system to the motor racing industry and performance street car sections. The implementation of off-the-shelf system attracted the price sensitive customers. This off-the-shelf system led the organization to produce more standardized exhaust system. However, the developed exhaust system seemed to be slightly inferior comparing to the customized extractors. Few months earlier, the organization was approached by an organization that used to distribute national car parts. The name of the organization is The Performance Shop. From the starting days the organizations has achieved growth significantly, but it was identified that, after achieving impressive growth the profit margin was not up to the expectation level. Presently, the organization is facing several accounting and business operational problems. The objective of the study is to identify and discuss the operational aspects that are affecting Tur bo Exhausts. In order to achieve the objective of the study, the research will conduct a technical analysis on the current production process used by Turbo Exhausts. The study will be continued by the problem identification and specification. Moreover, the study will highlight daily operational issues and identify the broader organizational issues that have been caused by operational problems. ... By the way, here the issues are not basis on sales, but on effectual utilization of the resources, rational and optimum utility of the machineries and meeting the deadlines in supply, overall business profits etc, where the study focuses. The study is based on Production and Operation Management. Production and operations management (POM) can be defined as the management of an organization’s production system that enhance and improve the production and the business operation of an organization. Since the Manufacturing system renovates the inputs into outputs, the procedure of adaptation has become the most crucial activity. The inadequate planning in scheduling the manufacturing programme, unproductive co-ordination and general controlling make a negative impact on the whole systems of manufacturing and its capabilities. As a result, these structures get underutilized and the companies become less effective in order to compete with several successful companies. To ensure effic ient and smooth operation, industrial manufacturing is developed with successful planning, control and implementation. Production Management turns around Five â€Å"M†s, such as Machine, Men/ Women, Methods, Money and Materials. The firm has to renew and authorize the workforce in order to accept the new challenges in the optimization of the manufacturing process by leveraging the greatest combination of Process or Methods. Conversion Process is one of the important processes that optimize the manufacturing and operational process. There are various methods of handling the production process, such as Batch, Job, Group and Flow. The most critical investment for the future is the flexibility and

Killing and Letting Die Essay Example for Free

Killing and Letting Die Essay Foot’s calculated article entitled, ‘Killing and Letting Die’ is one which provides arguments through hypothetical situation’s, discrediting opinions and beliefs of other modern philosophers. Its main cause is to locate moral differentiation between the active taking of life versus allowing death to occur by means of not producing assistance. Afterwards Foot applies these beliefs onto the sub-topic of abortion, highlighting flawed examples of pro-abortion arguments she then counters these with her own strong outlooks. In this critical report I intend to analyse the relevance and application of Foot’s arguments highlighting both strengths and weaknesses in Foot’s judgements. Foot opens by expressing that in specific circumstances, for instance our negligence to end third world starvation as opposed to the giving of poisoned food to these starving individuals, our moral agency has a role. This is a sound argument, we have sufficient resources to end starvation with little if any detriment to ourselves yet we fail to provide. This failure is just as morally wrong as providing poisoned food. This is not to say Foot believes killing and allowing to die are the same. It is merely her belief in this particular circumstance that they are not morally dissimilar. Proceeding this is a hypothetical proposal of two circumstances: One, in which 6 individuals are reliant on the intake of a certain rare drug. One individual requires the full quota of this specific medification in order to live, thus the other five would not receive the drug and would consequentially die. It is therefore clear to Foot that the five should receive the drug and regrettably allow this individual to die. The other, where five persons require organs and to save their life one patient is killed to obtain these for the five in need. The clear moral distinction between these two is the role played by moral agency. We play our part as an ‘agent’ in the death of a person whereas in the other we cannot be held responsible for the eventual outcome- being his death. It is our active involvement in the case of ‘the killing for spare parts’ which is denounced as morally wrong by Foot, whereas in the case of providing the medicine at a lower quantity to the five patients rather than all the medicine to the one patient; we are not an agent in the death as the resources were insufficient to keep the individual alive. Thus Foot concludes a morally justified stance is adopted. This point is further continued in Foot’s ‘Rescue I’ and ‘Rescue II’ cases she offers. Rescue I involves a rescue team hurrying to save five persons from drowning before the receive news of one person threatened by some other happening, they choose to continue to save the five and regretfully allow him to die. This is then contrasted with the hypothetical situation of Rescue 2. Rescue 2, the rescue team are on their way to save the five from drowning when blocking their road is an individual trapped on their route. To continue and save the five the team would have to drive over the individual resulting in certain death. Foot progresses this point by stating, â€Å"We cannot originate a fatal sequence, although we can allow one to run its course. † It is therefore apparent Foot is establishing her stance as against the idea killing and allowing to die are morally divergent. This stance though can be countered with an example proposed by James Rachels which is recognised by Foot. In the first case, a child is intentionally held underwater in the bath until they drown. And in the second an individual see’s the child slip and fall underwater, whilst the child drowns they do nothing. Foot accepts that both are morally wrong however she provides weak and incoherent reasoning for her contradiction. Resorting to an argument involving ‘levels of badness’, as if an untoward deed can be rated on a scale. It is ludicrous to suggest any act of malicious or evil intent can be inferior to another simply because of the outcome. Also Foot suggests that because the two cases differ in their acts, the result cannot be known to be the same. Foot’s established beliefs are then applied to the sub-topic of abortion, and if there are any situations it is morally justifiable to abort a foetus. Foot introduces an argument voiced by Thomson in favour of abortion. Thomson’s belief is that abortion is always morally justifiable as no human being has the right to use of another’s body, therefore the foetus’ rights are waived and the mother’s rights to remove the foetus as a hindrance take precedence. Foot recites Thomson’s flawed example of an dangerously ill individual being hooked to the body of another person without consent in order to survive being similar to that of a pregnant woman. She continues to say if the unconsenting person detaches himself he is not a murderer as the ill person is proving an inconvenience to them. Foot breaks down this argument by showing there is an intrinsic difference between instigating a fatality and not providing the means to continue life. Foot finds that the language used to describe failing to provide the means to survive does not serve purposes of this argument. Foot indicates the word ‘kill’ is unimportant and it is infact the outcome of death is not instigated by an agent it is otherwise allowed to take place. This is relative to the act of abortion as Foot suggests the foetus is dependant on its mother in the same way children depend on their parent’s for food and shelter. Thus Foot hints that the previous suggestions by Thomson are horrendously faulty, by denouncing her comment that a mother’s rights override a foetus’ rights as it hinders her life. Surely this is saying that if an alive child is proving a encumbrance to it’s parents lives it is morally justifiable that they terminate its life. Foot correctly highlights that the arguments hinges upon the audiences perception of a foetus’ moral status. Be it as a human being or otherwise. Foot proclaims that if the foetus should be considered a human being then Thomson’s argument is as similar to ‘the killing of the man for spare parts’. Concluding that the foetus’ status remains at the core of justifying the opposition or support of abortion as an act.

Telecommunication industry Essay Example for Free

Telecommunication industry Essay Telecommunication industry is a fast growing industry all over the world, During the beginning era of mobile phones, call charges was highly expensive and it was not affordable to common public, during period of 2000-2007 telecommunication industry become a highly competitive and mobile phones become a common commodity, this development gave extra energy to the telecommunication sector and mobile phone service providers started to attract subscribers Most of the countries have multiple operators and they do have very tight competition among them. Big countries like India, China, USA, have plenty of mobile operators, Most of the operators are offering low call costs and added value services to attract the subscribers. UAE is a very fast developing economy in MENA region and growth in UAE telecommunication sector is very aggressive. From 2003 UAE telecom sector started growing rapidly by increasing of mobile users, internet users, adding new broad band technology etc. UAE’s first telecom provider is Etisalat and it is established in 1976, up to 2007 Etisalat was the sole player in UAE telecom sector. When compare to some other countries UAE was the only country that had a single operator for long time. By 2007 UAE government has given the permission for one more operator, hence a new company has started which is Emirates Integrated Telecommunication PJSC. Currently UAE have two telecom operators which is Etisalat (Emirates Telecommunications Corporation) and DU (Emirates Integrated Telecommunications). Both companies are governed by TRA, Telecom Regulatory Authority. TRA UAE has been established according to the UAE federal law, TRA is responsible for the managing of every part of telecommunication information technology industry of UAE. As per a recent press release by TRA, (Telecom Regulatory Authority of UAE) number of mobile subscriptions in UAE growing hurriedly and it is expected to reach 11.7 million by the next year. This indicate that this rate is one of the high mobile penetration rates in the world. During 2008 -2012 the number of internet service subscribers increased 10.5% to over 1.3 million showed the figures. The percentage of internet subscriptions connected by fiber technology increased by 7.8% of customers were upgraded from copper networks to new advanced networks. As per the figures in 2011 telecommunication industry contributed a significant part in UAE’s economic growth and this sector an employer for around 10,000 people from different nationalities. Since UAE Is a place who have lot of expatriates, number of intern ational calls are very high than some other countries and the revenue from ISD calls are also high. There is a lot of illegal VOIP calls provides in the market which is a threat to the telecom sector in UAE, Government has started a campaign to prevent this but still illegal VOIP providers are active in the market. Both operators Etisalt DU has published lot of notices and warnings via media to educate people to stay away from illegal VOIP phone services. The development of information technology energized the telecommunication sector, in some cases the IT development helps the mobile companies to make more revenue, but some cases the IT development become a reason for their revenue lose also. Let me take the example of smart phones, since smart phones are very popular among the public, the revenue from the DATA usage has increased significantly, but in other ways the revenue from the calls has declined drastically as people has started to use messenger services with the help of mobile data internet. About DU- Profile Emirates Integrated Telecommunication Company Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company (EITC) is a telecommunications company in the United Arab Emirates. Although Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company is its legal name, it was commercially rebranded as DU in February 2006.They started their operation in 2006 with mobile and fixed telephone services, broadband connectivity and IPTV services to individuals, homes and businesses. The company, has invested AED 1.7 billion in 2011 and has a total of 4,993,600 active mobile subscribers, 623,7000 fixed-line telephony subscribers and 127,000 broadband internet subscribers. By end beginning of 2012 DU have employee strength of 2000 peoples from 60 nationalities. As a part of their commitment with UAE government they have employed a lot of UAE nationals in their senior level posts. Since Etisalat was the one and only service provider in UAE for long time, and there was lot of complaints among the public about the call rates of Etisalat while compare to the other operators in other regions, DU has got a warm welcome to the UAE telecom sector, they have faced lot of technical issues in the starting era, Etisalat was so established in the market as they are the one who started the telecommunication in UAE with fixed telephone lines, it was a challenge for DU to break the barriers of an industry leader like Etisalat. During the beginning time DU has started with mobile phone services, fixed lines and internet, services, but their main focus was in mobile phone subscriptions, obviously the coverage of mobile network was an important concern, DU has started investing on new mobile towers and highly advanced equipments to overcome this issue. gradually they have started focusing on internet services providing as well as fixed telephones, By 2010 DU has become a prominent player in UAE telecom sector, DU has implemented a lot of new marketing strategies to grab the market share.e.g. Etisalat billing method for long time was 10 second billing and DU has started one second billing which clicked in the mind of the public as they start think about saving call costs. Due to the tight competition Etisalat also forced to reduce their call costs to protect their subscriptions. Year by year the gap between DU and their competitor become shorter, as of October 2012 DU has got a market share of 47.2%. In terms of revenue during the time of 2009 DU got a revenue growth by 35% to aed.5.3 billion, 2010 also considered as a robust year as DU achieved considerable milestones, in 2009 the net profit before royalty was 0.5 bi9llion and it had growth of 132% hence it reached in a level of 1.2 billion. As per the recent press release by DU regarding their financial result as of Q3-2012, DU got an increase in revenue by 12.9% year on year. In 2011 Q3 their revenue was 2.23 billion and as of October-2012 the revenue become 2.52 billion. In case of number of active mobile users DU has got an increase of 20.7%.in Q3 2011 it was 4,938,000 and Q3 2012 their active customer base become 5,960,700. They have achieved same level of growth in case of the number post-paid mobile users and fixed line users, broadband internet users etc. With more than five million subscribers, DU is now focusing on improvement the average minutes of use and average revenue per user. This ARPU rate was aed.113 in 2010 , DU has managed to make it as AED.119 in 2011. Growth in the revenue from internet is become a significant part of DU’ revenue. Based on the industry forecast and projections DU is expecting a rapid growth on the coming years. During 2011 year period DU has managed to reduce their overhead and reinforcing the operational controls. DU has made a significant reinvestment in 2011 which was aed.1.3 billion, they have added 1,275 new base stations, this has improved the network coverage of DU,and 3G data coverage also got very good improvement. In view of a shareholder, DU is a highly profit expecting company in coming years, as per the press release by DU by end of Q3 2012, they have made good control over the overheads. The published figures represents company’s ongoing focus on controlling costs and delivering shareholder values. The increase of overhead in Q2 –Q3 2012 is very tiny, Published financial data, 2009,2010,2011. An over view. Financial overview 2009. As per the financial documents published in end of 2009 , du has reached the mobile market share fof 32%.In terms of revenue growth DU has marked a growth of 35% ,in 2008 it was 3.9 billion and it touch 5.3 billion in 2009.Earning per share for DU share holders grew to aed.0.066 from Aed. 0.001 in 2008. DU has made a reinvestment of 2.4 billion in 2009. While compare to the year 2008 share holders equity has increased by 11% which raised from 2.5 billion to 2.79 billion. Earning before interest , tax, depreciation and amortization increased substantially to the DU’s highest level at AED.1.1. billion for 2009, up 185 from the previous year. Net profit before royalty reached aed.528.2 million, well growth than previous years. Financial overview – 2010 Year 2010 was a very significant year of DU, despite of economic uncertainty in UAE rest of the world DU has achieved a significant growth in terms of market share, gross profit etc. Net profit before royalty amplified by 132% which was a record in the region, in addition to this significant mild stone, DU received the confirmation from Federal Government about the royalty charge for 2010. This early determination from Federal ministry enabled them to plan their liability in terms of royalty payable to Government. As per the published figures by TRA DU has achieved market share of 40% by 2010. Since 2010 is a fourth year of operation this market share is a good achievement. Gross profit has increased from 3.5 billion to 4.6 billion. Financial overview – 2011 The year financial performances has led to the recommendation by the board of directors to purpose our first cash dividend of 1.5 fills per share for 2011. By end of 2001 DU has become the 46% share holder of UAE telecom industry, and subscription strength touched to 5 million, during this period the net net profit before royalty has grown rapidly, increased to aed. 1.8 billion in 2011 which is 48% increase year to year. During this year DU has marked a significant milestone in corporate governance, company has ranked number one in the recently rebalanced S P Hawkamah ESG (Environment Social Corporate Governance) pan arab index. Following chart shows the revenue growth of DU during the time of 2009-2010 period. About DU, a SWOT analysis Below SWOT analysis shows the overall picture of the organization’s current strengths, opportunities etc. STRENGTHSWEAKNESSES 1.A very good growth graph of last 5 years. 2.Highly advanced systems in telecommunication. 3.Good image among the public 4.Support from the Government 5.A strong chain of retail outlets 6.Recently started DU’s mobile WIFI internet 7.Very good plans for corporate sectors 8.Good business cooperation with mobile phone manufactures, Apple, Blackberry, Nokia etc. 9.Attractive plans for cooperate sector. 1.Lack of network coverage in some areas 2.Number of fixed phone subscribers are very less while compare to competitor. 3.DU doesn’t have any international operations which lead to high roaming charges in some regions. OPORTUNITIESTHREATS 1.High internet literacy level of people in UAE which leads to increase in internet usage. 2.Popularity of the smart phones, most of the people are opting smart phones with internet connections, which leads to the increase of data usages. 3.Increase in number of expatriates 4.People’s trend to use two or mobile phones at a time.1.Illegal VOIP phone services, this illegal phones are active in market, which decrease the revenue of DU in case of International calls 2.Pressure from the international telecom sector to allow more operators in the region. 3.Popularity of the messenger services, internet based messenger services which is possible via smart phones tend people to keep away to make calls, this reduce the income of DU in terms of local mobile calls. As per the above analysis DU has got a good path to proceed to the success, while comparing to the competitor DU have some disadvantages, but they got success to overcome this with their marketing strategies. While compare with the competitor DU have got more attractive data packages, and mobile hand set packages as they have managed to build good relationship with the mobile manufacturers which help them to implement more attractive packages. Since the smart phones are became a trend among the public usage of data packages are increasing and this can contribute more revenue in the coming years.

Impact Of Globalisation On Developing Countries Economics Essay

Impact Of Globalisation On Developing Countries Economics Essay The negative impact is in the world economy due to globalisation especially to the developing countries can be easily described in ten points. According to the current financial crisis mainly developing countrys trade will suffer and the World Bank is predicting that trade will fall by 2.5% in 2009-2010, which would be the first decline in global trade flows since 1982. Many investors are frustrated that it is so difficult to establish different production and manufacturing industries in those developing countries due to having many obstacles and slowdown factors even before the crisis began. Some economists argue that the situation is currently declining and the downturn in trade has aspects which are particularly worrying for developing and emerging economies. There are some factors which are relatively important and can be describes as slowdown factors for the developing countries or poor nations. The factors are describes below. Instability Globalisation faces enormous resistance especially in the third world. The defender of globalisation argues that globalisation could not solve the entire problem. It has been accompanied by increasing instability in hundreds of countries during the last three decades. So poor nations become poorer and rich countries become richer in the world. The poor countries follow the rules and regulations of international agreements to open their market. But they fail to gain the success for lack of knowledge and information and large risks associated with this policy. Then they lose their money, wealth and sometimes resources. Most developing countries are weak and are deprived of a social safety net. Economic crisis Most growing economies in South East Asia and South Korea have suffered major economic crises in their currency and markets and in employment. The crisis is due to sudden withdrawal of short-term funds by western investors and large scale short-selling on foreign exchange and equity markets by speculators. The example can be the Asian crisis that began in the 1990s with financial meltdown in Russia in August 1998 and severe turbulence in Latin American markets particularly in Brazil and Argentina. Poverty There were 864 million people in poverty in the world due to globalisation and this is another factor. Although most poverty is predominant in countries like Africa and South East Asia, even people in China and India ,due to globalisation, are living on less than $1 per day. Whereas in developed nations the minimum wage is $7 per hour and people have a more comfortable life. Having political issues and a lack of skilled workers, degraded environment, and destroyed original culture and the pressure from IMF, USA, WTO, developing nations economies are deteriorating, Many countries have suffered increasing poverty. In East Asia and the Pacific, the rate rose from 2.1 in 1970 to 5.4 in 2009 and in South Asia rose from 3.1 to 6.0. Terrorism According to Financial Times editor Lionel Barber (2008) The economic crisis was far from over when another assault took place, this time in Mumbai. Terrorists, laden with plastic explosives, grenades and assault rifles, killed at least 192 civilians across Indias financial capital and laid waste to the luxury Taj Mahal Palace hotel. By singling out symbols of Indian opulence and power, the perpetrators consciously copied the September 11 terrorists who targeted the Twin Towers in New York. So we can see that the problems of globalization are not only with third world countries but also in developed countries that are facing the serious threat of terrorism. Globalisation was doomed in the aftermath of the outrage of September 11, 2001 in USA. The terrorists killed many people and destroyed the World Trade Centre. They also attacked in the Thailand holiday resort of Bali. The onward march of global economics has faced financial crisis, the stock market collapse in the world. (Financia l Times, Dec 22, 2008.). Globalization has another negative impact of using nuclear power. The nuclear stockpile is increasing in the world due to globalisation and this should be a warning to the world. Child Labour Discrimination: Child labour is increasing in the world. You can also find child labour in the USA which is the richest country in the world. In developing countries they sell flowers, cold drinks, and magazines on the street. They live in the unhygienic places which are bad for health and have been affected by different diseases. The international labour organisation and international agency raised the world labour issue and according to their report that 100 to 200 million children under fifteen are at work and 95% are from poor countries and half of them are from Asian countries. About 100 million children have often gone to primary school in those countries. The children sometimes smuggled into different countries in the world. This problem is longstanding and historically inherited. Political Barrier There were still political barriers in eastern European countries in which communism prevailed in the 20th century. Adapting to the global market, citizens of those countries took part in revolutions, thousands of people died and governments were formed to establish capitalism. Today their door is open for global business and they joined the European Union and get many subsidies from rich European countries and their economic condition is going to stabilise their position with low inflation Global warming and diseases The world has been suffering from different diseases and the cost of drugs is expensive. The average dollar income per head means those people are not able to afford to buy such drugs. AIDS afflicts many in Africa and South Asian such as India and Thailand can hardly afford drugs. Some developing lands have been accused for using greenhouse gas for pollution but the United States of America is biggest source of the greenhouse gas in the world. Infrastructure Problem Barrier There are still infrastructure problems in developing countries such as India, China, and Malaysia, Bangladesh etc. They dont have a strong telecommunication network for contact with another country or in different areas of their country. Still the same problem exists in Africa where the people live without electricity, pure water supply system, road, technology and telecommunication as well. That is why they are not able to cope with globalisation . Holders of Power:- Some economic scholars believe that business people sometimes take control of the country from sovereign governments by forcing illegal pressure. They lack interest in the long term benefits to the country and only look to their own interests to cope with global business in the global market. Brazils former president, Fernando Henrique Cardoso stated that he didnt rule Brazil because globalisation is swallowing national state and is inevitable as are its consequences, its disasters, exclusion and social regression. So this is a threat for the country and national sovereignty. Overcoming these barriers. There are several trade theories like Dunning OLI, Porters Diamond theory, Heckscher -Ohlin model, Global shift theory along with different core ideas can help in the expansion of organizations across national or international boundaries to cope with globalisation and reduce the barriers or problems in the global financial market. I have also tried to highlight its importance for economic growth in developing countries. Daniel (2007) writes in his International business book Think globally, but act locally which means the country should do what is best for its own people rather than what is best for the world. They try to influence and understand how their people can be benefited with the help of globalisation and improve the global economic condition and return to confidence and overcome the global slowdown and improve individual opportunity. 2.11.1 Dunning OLI Theory:- Dunning (1995) OLI wrote a paradigm that is very helpful for multinational enterprise and global trade to other countries. By following this theory we can benefit and can reduce the problem of globalisation in the world. O- Ownership Specific advantage:- Corri and Farquharson stated that ownership specific advantage refers to the type of knowledge and privileges where an organisation can make goods which are not available to its own competitors. The foreign direct investor not only depends on cost but also places emphasis on ownership factors such as skilled workers, network, and ease of access to capital and use of technology. Japans joint venture with Rover and producing Honda car in the UK is an example. They believe and have invested in the UK for having skilled workers, high technology and can produce good quality product with best performance. So globalization makes it possible. The Japanese Company can say it is a UK car. The world is becoming more competitive and it can be very difficult to survive in a global competitive market. So the multinational companies are aware of the ownership factor. Their emphasis on skilled workers at low cost brings great advantage. The multinational companies are now recruiting workers from Chi na and India at a low cost. They are looking for talented people anywhere in the world and it has not ended. PepsiCo recruited 300 extra people in their snack unit through a talent assessment program in 2006. EMC started a global innovation network for research and development workers in the world. So all multinational companies are devising new strategies on a global scale to survive market conditions. L-Location Specific advantage:- For meeting the global market demands, research and development is also needed. The location is another factor of Dunning theory where MNEs can gain access to complimentary assets based on the nations competitive advantages originated in the partners home countries due to globalisation. Management skill is an important factor and India have trained many people who have moved abroad and moved back to their own country to set up new businesses in the Software industry and garments factory. Market size and growth potential are the most important location factors according to Meyer (1998) and Floyd (2002). China, India, and Russia are good locations and those countries have low cost bases now. The market of China has grown GDP10% now. Indian software industry becomes more important in the world. One specific location in India is Bangalore where infrastructure is good now. The location is more attractive to USA and UK firms which show prominence in the software industry (Heek, 1999). The global software industry is estimated to be worth around $1,300 billion now. Indias software export was worth $12 billion in 2003 and has grown 26% over the fiscal year which is a good for a developing country. They export to the USA who is dominating the market, the US buys $6 billion software products (McManus, 2004). India exports 3% software products now in the world. There are still some infrastructure problems like cultural difference, language capability and software engineering ca pacity. If they can produce three million computer scientists they can fill their export target about $ 50 billion in 2008(IT trends2004). FDI is more attractive in China which employs a low cost strategy. China now takes up 4.4% of this industry sales in the world. The production has grown about 12% for the last ten years. And the value of production output to reach US$96 billion by 2010(Wang, 1999). China has also strong domestic software industries which hold 33% of the market. The official policy is to increase this to 60% by 2012 (Gartner, 2002). I Internalisation Specific advantage:- Internalisation is a specific advantage which occurs when international markets face increased costs, because of transaction costs that global activity faces currently. In some respects that cost represents a natural barrier. Another factor is labour cost which is very high in developed countries. The theory of international division can help by their domestic market that can reduce the production cost with the help of low labour cost (Frobel, 1980). He also argues that the global profit can increase when production costs are low. This is possible in low-cost areas such as Eastern Europe and the third world countries such as India, China and Bangladesh. There needs to have been research development, good transport and communication technology (Corri, Farquharson). McManus and Floyd (2004) both stated that today India has benefited from having technological innovation. They improve the research centre and Google the worlds largest search engine is all set to open a development centre in Bangalore in India. Another leading web company, Yahoo carries out development work in Bangalore. IBM has also set up a laboratory in Delhi and 70 researchers in India. Mobile phone giants Virgin media and Vodafone have run their businesses in India recently. India now becomes a 1500 million people market now. The giant mobile handset company Nokia is to set up a research and development hub in India. Intel conducts 15-25% of its research and development outside the US and 900 in Bangalore and expects to add 1,100 employees in that company. India produces around 100 thousand computer science graduates a year. The Chinese government has prioritised boosting the information technology industry and it has become a national guiding principle in economic construction . China has an ambitious plan to turn the software industry into a new pillar industry in the 21stCentury. Chinese government has also initiated the e- government project. The success and demand on Internet protocol (IP) and Broadband subscribe line, latest net enabled devices; personal computer and semiconductors are the most popular sector in the global IT world. Personal computer users in The Middle East and Africa will increase to 17% from 7.2% in 2008(because of lower taxes, concern government effort to get PCs into school). And in Asia (excl Japan) it will be more moderate 11%. Asia is becoming the largest mobile phone market in terms of subscribers. However, the market of China has appreciated at almost 10% GDP of late in terms of growth. Now half of the world population has a mobile phone, and growth rate is nearly double. It is not used just for talking; it has now high speed Internet that people can download music, video, data etc 2.13 Heckscher -ohline Theory:- Heckscher -ohline theory is also very helpful. With the help of globalisation it is possible to remove the poverty and improve the global world. The concept of this theory is that the country has more capital but not enough labour. In this way a nation can invest its money in any poor or developing country to their mutual benefit. Sweden, Netherlands and Finland are among those countries whose capital outweighs their labour. They can invest in any Sub- Saharan African or developing country such as China or India. These countries have large labour forces or they can produce large labour intensive goods. Globalisation makes free movement of labour across borders and raises the income of labour. We have also gained knowledge from Heckscher-Ohlin theory extends the concept of comparative advantage by explaining the observed trade structure according to comparative advantages from the country-specific abundance of production along with some countries with relatively large capital but less labour focus in capital-intensive goods and high-tech products. This is seen in Japanese firms where they make substantial use of robots to assemble vehicles whereas Spanish firms, who have access to the same technology, do not because labour is relatively expensive compared to capital in Japan (Tayeb, 2000). 2.14 Global Shift Theory:- Todays global economy is genuinely borderless. Information, capital and innovation flow all over the world at top speed, enabled by technology and fuelled by consumers desires for access to the best and least expensive products (Ohmae, 1995, inside front cover). Dickens (1992) suggest in his global shift theory that the world become more internationalised and more globalised due to capital which was organised by multinational companies. The theory includes three important factors such as high technology for quality production, the relation between government and foreign organisation where any large organisation can do international business overseas with the help of politics and economics. From the business point of view, this global shift theory helps to build organizations assets, shareholders, personnel, value of chain, with which they exercise power on a global scale and growing. For example in 1960 the US was one of the biggest exporters of automobiles in the world however they had an enormous trade deficit in 2003 of $112 billion. While Japan has a comparable trade surplus of $92 billion because of their production locations abroad and they build more cars in exporting countries then other competitors like (USA). By using these theories not only the developed country can globalise their business in the world but also the developing can receive help for improving their own countrys GDP growth or financial position. Good financial health also helps to improve the populations life expectancy, and removing all barriers in the market and playing a significant role in the global economy and participating and contributing in overcoming economic crises. FDI its role in Global economy with the help of globalisation Foreign direct investment has swung back towards the developing parts of the world. Vast areas that had been shut from trade, investment and market forces have sought to join the capitalist club, opening their borders, reforming their economies and welcoming multi-national investment (The Economist, 1993). The participating players in Asian markets are Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. While China stands as the largest foreign direct investment recipient among these countries, discounting for its huge market size, fast economic growth, low labour costs, relatively well educated human resources, economic and geographical characteristics. Chinas relative performance in attracting foreign direct investment inflows is only at a level moderately above average among the developing countries. Some people have argued that globalisation is not to blame for increasing poverty and ineq uality. The current distribution of economic and political power in the world is fair. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is playing an increasing role in the world economy. Global FDI inflows were 29% higher in 2004 a total of $916 billion. Flows to developing countries in 2005 rose by 22% to reach a record high of $334 billion. Developed countries also saw increased flows; they saw a rise of 37% to $542 billion. It provides for equal opportunities for poor and in global affairs, relatively powerless. At the world level poverty is declining. FDI is one of the key factors in globalisation. It maintains some basic rules to invest. To be a success in the global economy nations have to follow the FDI laws and regulations.