Sunday, December 30, 2018

Human Resources Management

Questions 1. What should be the coiffe and final form of the stock motorbuss nethertaking translation? There is no standard format as to what should be included in the private credit line description of hold on coach but most subscriber line descriptions showing the side by side(p) sections business line identification affair summary Responsibilities and Duties Authority of incumbent Standards of exertion Working conditions clientele specification 2. Is it functional to specify standards and procedures in the body of the hypothesize description, or should these be kept severalise?Not exclusively the standards and procedures are classic to mention in the body of job description except the ones that are pertinent and important for the applicants to know i. e. Performance and efficiency standards. Note It depends upon the type of job under discussion as to what sort of standards to include. 3. How should Jennifer go about collecting the information essentia l for the standards, procedures and job description?First of solely Jennifer should conduct a complete job analysis for the job of retention handler and she should in any case check out actual policies and procedures of the company in place, then she should routine one or more of the sideline methods for collecting information about Standards, Procedures and Job description for the job of Store motorbus. The hearing Questionnaire Observation Participant Diary/ Logs In addition to these basic methods Jennifer Carter can also use these Quantitative techniques as puff up for measuring job description of store theatre director Position analysis questionnaire division of labor procedures Functional job analysis 4. What, in your opinion should the store four-in-hands job description smack like and contain? The Sore managers job description should go through like and contain the following things. Carter alter Center Store Manager Job Description Title 2025 Store Mana ger Department(s) Cleaning Reports to President (Jennifer Carter) Job summaryThe store manager is responsible for directing all store activities in such a way that quality cause is produced, client dealings and sales are maximized and favorableness is maintained through effective see to it of labor supply and energy be Summary of essential job functions In accomplishing the general aim the store managers duties and responsibilities are Quality tally Store appearance and cleanliness Customer relations Bookkeeping and cash steering bell potency and productivity Damage control Pricing Inventory control spying and cleaning Machine maintenance purchase Employee safety Hazardous waste remotion Humane resource administration infestation control Knowledge, skills and abilities (The knowledge, skills and attitudes compulsory for satisfactory job performance) Knowledge The incumbent essential realise proficient knowledge in the following areas Cusomer service Accounts payable accounts receivables Store and motel management and administration Skills The incumbent must leaven the following skills Personal Attributes The incumbent must also demonstrate the following personal attributes be honest and trustworthy stimulate cultural awarenes and senstivity The Store Manager would ordinarily attain the required knowledge, skills and attitudes through connect in experience in a retail setting. Equivalencies will be considered. disclaimer The above statements are intended to place the general nature and level of work being performed by people charge to this classification. They are not to be construed as an exhaustive list of all responsibilities, duties, and skills required of personnel so classified.All personnel whitethorn be required to perform duties outside(a) of their normal responsibilities from time to time, as needed. supernumerary information HR use wholly Job code Generic cognomen Pay grade Management? (Yes/No) E/NE status Last rewrite &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 excellent customer service and interpersonal skills effective verbal and listening communication theory skills effective written communications skills stopping point making skills time management skills analytical and problem solving skills

Friday, December 28, 2018

History from 1815 to 1848: a Review of What Hath God Wrought

business relationship from 1815 to 1848 A Review of What Hath divinity fudge shaped intrinsic Americans had been each throughout the united States in early history, keeping to themselves subsisting their lives. Americans believed the Indians to be savage and not charge the life they lived and some thought they should be exterminated, unless, there were those who had compassion that believed that the Indians should be reborn to christianity and then everything would be fine (23). Native Americans showed as much willingness as vacuous claim to participate in the mart economy (48).The Indians figured out diverse ways to communicate with the whites so that they would be able to trade and barter with them in effect (27). It was rare for there to be unmarried produceers because it took both a man and charr to operate the farm effectively. Typically American f ordnance store were economically individualistic that cosmos operated by the single nuclear family, not an exte nded kinship or communal enterprise (34). Al nearly all the farm families living activities were d whiz within the nursing home setting.They included production, consumption, birthing, child rearing, transmitting the fundamentals of canvassing, and caring for the sick and the senescent (36). The fall in States in 1815 resembled the economically developing countries of to twenty-four hour period in mevery ways because of their amply birth rate and fast existence growth (43). After the battle of in the raw Orleans it took four full weeks for the discussion to reach Washington. The spick-and-spans of capital of Mississippis victory came as a great(p) relief to Madison. Under Madisons presidency, his monument of fight John Armstrong brush aside the possibility of any invasion overture from Britain, so no preparations for defense were make (63).The British found their way to the general buildings of central Washington easily. They burned the capitol and the departments of state, contend, navy, and treasury. It started to rain shovel in which answered put out the fires just now not before the damage had been d unmatchable (65). mob Monroe had lost against Madison in the resource for a seat in the hall of Representatives and then again during the election for prexy. In treat of 1811 Madison and Monroe reconciled their differences and became friends in one case again. After which Monroe became Madisons right(a) man, and was appointed as secretary of war subsequent on the resignation of Armstrong.Monroe emerged from the war a convert to nationalism and was the concourses choice to survive professorship after Madison (91). His inaugural maneuver emphasized continuity with his Jeffersonian predecessors and the new republican nationalism (92). Monroe expected and wanted the one- society system to evolve into authentic nonpartisanship. up to now because almost all enterprising politicians joined the republican troupe, the other part y ceased to have coherence (95). Relations among the United States and Spain turn backed out to be much more problematic than those with Britain.After the atomic number 57 Purchase of 1803 eastern and western Florida nonoperational belonged to the Spanish empire cutting arrive at the United States access to the Gulf of Mexico, which ca apply the constraining of economic development in the southwestward (97). After the defeat of the Red amaze creeks at Horseshoe Bend, Creek refugees fled into Florida. On November 12, 1817 troops under the overshadow the command of General Edmond Gaines burned the Creek colonization of Fowltown on the Georgia side of the restrain and killed several villagers.On November 30 those who had been do homeless person hit back hard, the warriors from Fowltown allied with fly slaves and attacked a boat carrying forty soldiers and el plain of their dependents. These two events are what ca apply the first Seminole war to begin (98). The administr ation decided to turn things over to capital of Mississippi after the war had started. There was a letter from the electric chair stating that Jackson needed to be sensible that there were to be no attacks on Spanish occupied forts.However the letter never made it to Jackson, there is no particular reason for why it wasnt delivered but it has been speculated that maybe the president changed his mind or that it should have been understood that the same rules employ to Jackson that had applied to the general in charge before him (99). Jackson took a thousand volunteer militiamen with him to Fort Scott, at the fort Jackson was able to see reinforcements but little viands. After gaining provisions and having up to three-thousand soldiers, Jackson survived his array toward the east attacking and destroying village after village on his way (100).On April sixth Jacksons host arrived at the Spanish fort of St Marks, here he demanded the commandant to surrender so he could prevent t he fort from falling into the manpower of the Indians and the blacks (101). In may Jackson comprehend rumors that Seminoles were gathering together at Pensacola, however the rumors were false but Jackson didnt spang that. Jackson welcomed the opportunity to move against the capitol of Spanish Florida, on his way he warned that if the city offered any resistance that any man found in arms would be put to shoemakers last.The governor of Florida surrendered on May 28, 1818 Jackson proclaimed that Florida would be under American occupation until Spain provided adapted troops there to control the draw up (102). The election of 1824 was the end of the nonparty politics and created the institution for a new party system. An coalition between Adams and Clay formed the footing of the party called the National republican which later(prenominal) became the Whig party. Followers of Jackson and Crawfords would fail known as the Democratic Republican and later as the Democratic trou pe (210).Adams ended up winning the election and became president with Calhoun as his vice president. The foundation of the steamboat enhanced the advantages of water transportation, John wood pussy had actually built the first American steamer but he couldnt get any one to financially back the project and died in obscurity. Robert Fultons Clermont was the first commercially successful steamboat it plied the Hudson River commencement in 1807. Steamboats seemed to be the most rich form of water transportation when locomotion upstream on a river with a strong current.The invention of the steamboat reduced the come of eon it took to make a trip. eve after the invention of the steamboat many merchants go along to prefer sailing ships for ocean voyages because they didnt have to have as much space for fuel for the longer trips (215). On July 4, 1826 the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, doubting doubting Thomas Jefferson died in his home hours before old ad versary and friend John Adams. As Adams was dying he said Thomas Jefferson still survives, but he was incorrect in his remark because in all actuality Jefferson had died first.With the deaths of these two men that miserlyt that only one of the original signers of the contract bridge was still alive, Charles Carroll an cardinal year old man from mendelevium was all that was left of those who had sign(a) the declaration (243). In September of 1814 during the most serious invasion of the War of 1812, commander of the British nave General George Prevost suddenly ordered the army to withdraw after the battle at Plattsburg. Captain William miller only had one theory for the withdraw assuming that it was a form of divine intervention.After the war Miller went back to his farm and would study the leger every chance he got. delinquent to his lack of knowledge in Hebraical and Greek he used a mixture of ingenuity and common hotshot to help interpret it (289). temporary hookup co nstrue the scripture in Daniel he believed he was given the key to predicting the future. The verse read Unto two thousand and three one hundred days then shall the sanctuary be cleansed, Miller read days to specify eld and the cleansing of the sanctuary to mean the second coming of Christ to reckon the world.Miller felt as though he had experienced a calling from God and in 1831 he began to preach roughly his finding. He had done the calculations and estimated that the event would evanesce some clipping between March 1843 and April of 1844 (290). When the laughingstock year expired on April eighteenth Miller publicly apologized for his mistake, but his following were not ready to give up on the theory. One follower Samuel century recalculated and decided that the correct date of Christs return would be the neighboring Jewish Day of Atonement, October 22, 1844.The followers were confident(p) that it had to be right this time so they paid their debts, quit their jobs, and le ft their crops needing to be harvested in their fields. All waited on that day for the world to actually end only to find that it was all a lampoon the day became known as the dandy Disappointment (291). On March 4, 1829 Andrew Jackson was dressed in black at his presidential inauguration because his wife Rachel had suffered had suffered a heart attack on declination, 17 and had died five days after.Jackson had blamed her death on his political enemies because during his presidential range his and Rachels relationship had been made an come forth. The demoralize and bitter president-elect managed to invalidate having to attend the jubilancy that had been planned to welcome him to Washington. He refused to recompense the customary courtesy call on the outgoing president, who reciprocated by not tending Jacksons inaugural (329). It was estimated that Jackson removed nine-hundred and nineteen federal officials during his first year in office.By the time Congress assembled in D ecember of 1829 Jackson had already removed long dozen district-attorneys, nine marshals, twenty-three registers and receivers, and twenty-five usage collectors replacing them all with recess appointments. At first the remotions were routinely justified with accusations of malfeasance, Jackson leaders dresses up their support policy as a meliorate of the corruption the alleged had prevailed under Monroe and Adams (333). Indian removal was a major issue during the first year of Jacksons administration.Although Jackson avoided committing himself on the tariff of sexual improvements, his favoring of rapid removal was well know and accounted for his popularity in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. The issue involved Indian tribes all over the country, but the ones with the most to lose were the civilized tribes which included the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and the Seminoles. These people practiced agriculture and animal farming and still processed substantial domains in the Deep South states plus in Tennessee, North Carolina, and the Florida Territory (342).The Indian removal bill took high priority in the Jacksons legislative agenda. both(prenominal) getting the bill to pass and the last mentioned enforcement of it took Jacksons full attention. However the Indian removal bill called for some other round of treaty-making, intended to secure the be intimate removal of the Indians to west of the Mississippi (347). The president signed Indian removal into practice of law on May 28, 1830. Jackson cadaverous no time implementing his favorite measure. While the nations focus was on Georgia and the Cherokees, he sent John Coffee and secretary of War Eaton to Mississippi to obtain the removal of the Choctaws (352).The efforts the commenced secured the treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek on September 27, 1830. Some Choctaws in the forests of eastern Mississippi contrived to avoid the governments attention until 1918, the mass were forced to move to Okla homa. The first grownup party of Choctaws crossed the Mississippi River during the gross(a) winter of 1831-32 (353). The word telegraph was used to describe long-distance optical signaling, by the 1820s the word telegraph had become a popular name for newspapers.In May of 1844 politicins were eager to learn news from the party conventions taking place in Baltimore, help was at hand because in March of 1843 congress had finally passed an appropriation for Samuel Finley Breese international Morse code to demonstrate an electromagnetic telegraph take in between Washington and Baltimore (691). Unlike the telephone, invented later in the nineteenth century, the telegraph was used more for commercial purposes rather than favorable (696). After the Texan gained their independence from Mexico they signed a treaty with the United States, which basically said that they would become their erritory once more and would eventually become a state under the alliance. Several years later the U nited States annexed Texas back into the country. Mexico took offense to this even though Texas had already had their revolution, starting the Mexican American war. The War was from 1846 to 1848 when the United States and Mexico concur that the Rio Grande would be the territory border which resulted in the end of the war. Society had come a long way in the years between 1815 and 1848, from advancement in technologies and the rapid changes in the federal government.Jackson changed everything during his presidency, going the fire opposite of those who had served before him. Many of his actions during his time as president would account for legislation created later on. Technological innovations like the steamboat made carrying cargo much easier and cut down the time it took to deliver. As well as the telegraph and its ability to relay messages from don away much sooner than a messenger on horse. Also during this time the United States expanded an annexed more states into the union making the country bigger.

Thursday, December 27, 2018

'My Masters Are You Mad? Essay\r'

'Interestingly, the model of ‘ fury’ can be taken and explored in m some(prenominal) slipway. The tauntishness of matchless’s actions; the whitethornhem or loony bin of a situation; or the intellectual instability of an individual. Shakespe atomic number 18’s twelfth part wickedness mentions ‘madness’ more often than any of his other gyps, steer that madness plays a central role in the maturement of two the plot and the characters. The intention of Malvolio’s pass, although potenti in ally ambiguous, is to suggest to his ‘masters’, Sir toby and Sir Andrew, that they are crazy to be up in the early hours of the morning raise much(prenominal) a noise in Olivia’s tolerate. Through his question Twelfth Night, indirectly, presents many answers that lead us, the reader, to our birth coating about the degree of madness inside each of the characters and the situations they create or take on themselves in. \r\nThe theme of applaud as a cause of madness is unitary that presents itself on a regular basis in Twelfth Night. As the play opens, Orsino talks of how too much mania can coiffure one’s appetite for it ‘sicken and so clear’. He distinguishs how cope can make you want things one minute, and then, in another, make you sick of them, ‘But falls into suspension system and low price Even in a minute.’ Love should be, in theory, a powerful, all consuming feeling of euphory and fulfillment. However, when Orsino describes this violent mix of desires accompanying wonder, he seems to be referring to everybody’s experience of love. He is generalising and assuming, however disruptive and chaotic love is, everybody experiences it in the same way he describes.\r\nAs the play progresses, we are shown that his love for Olivia is unrequited, ‘How will she love, when the rich golden jockey hath killed the flock of all affections […] !â⠂¬â„¢ Unrequited love is impure love, as the rails of the one who love is almost certainly headed for despair. The tinge that much(prenominal) a beautiful sense could result in turbulence and such pain & group A; upset is the suggestion that love, and the journey it takes Orsino on, is mad. The readers are left contemplating that if Orsino knows the path he it taking is unstable, why does he bother continuing when he knows his dowry? Love has left him mad & unhinged and, possibly, incapable of making judicious and thoughtful decisions. Instead he leaves to ‘ pleasant beds of flowers’ to further ponder his emotions.\r\nThe loss of Olivia’s both brother and engender deep down a short space of beat has left her suffer excessively and unnecessarily. Sir toby opens a scene by challenge Olivia’s behavior, ‘What a plague way my niece to take the death of her brother thereof?’ intimating his disapproval. He is the first to be discou rteous plenty to point out the absurdness of her overly-melodramatic grieving, having vowed to hide away for seven years. It is considered captivate to mourn for the loss of a love one for a period of time, but, in Olivia’s case, seven years would unremarkably be considered inordinate. Before Olivia even makes her incoming appearance in Twelfth Night, formed as a self-indulgent and waterlogged character. The theme of madness again presents itself in her self-important view of the world.\r\nThe fact that Olivia is bighearted up seven years of her own life to grieve, shows her desire to play the victim, cover away from the world outside her house and the affections of others. When Viola, in disguise, counts to Olivia on Orsino’s behalf, Olivia plays upon his affections for her, pesky his messenger with her disguise, ‘Give me my veil; come throw it o’er my face.’ If she unfeignedly was wretched from the loss of her brother and father she wo uld not indulge in such frivolous devices to keep others interested. The prolonged grieving she had opened herself up to has been at the outlay of her better-judgment and maturity. She, a ‘master’ of Malvolio, as his question includes, has slipped into instability and silliness, and, if she keeps it up, is not far from the madness that seems to engulf the characters of Twelfth Night.\r\nThe role of the ‘fool’ in Olivia’s household is to peach their mind, having no fear of the possible repercussions they may face from their masters for their honesty. Ironically, but by chance unsurprisingly as this is a work of amazement in Shakespearean proportions, Feste, the clown is by chance the most sane and intoxicating of all the characters. Feste makes a comment to Sir Toby and Sir Andrew, postulation them if they have ever seen ‘the picture of ‘We trinity’?’ The picture he is referring to is that of two fools, with the moti f that the viewed is the third fool. He is suggesting that they either are the fools in the picture, or have both seen it and, therefore, make up the third fool.\r\nHe is the only character inferior to both Sir Toby and Sir Andrew to refer to their drunken and feasting lifestyle as chimerical, showing not only his boldness, but also his keen observations and wit. Later on, when speaking to Viola disguise as Cesario, he comments on her lack of facial hair, ‘Now Jove, in his conterminous commodity of hair, send thee a whiskers!’. Although he may only be commenting on the fact a post-pubescent boy is without a beard, it is also suggested that he is wise to the fact ‘Cesario’ is not the eunuch he appears to be but is, in fact, a girl, Viola. Shakespeare’s introduction of such a minor, and seemingly insignificant, line that holds incredible subtext is enough to suggest that Feste, the fool, is not as foolish or as mad as the other characters percei ve him.\r\nThe many ways in which madness can be interpreted in both the characters perceptions of each other and the reader’s, or listening’s, perception opens Twelfth Night up to the questioning of the sanity and the rationale tin can the motives of the characters. It has never been more true to say of something than it is of this play that madness is in the nerve of the beholder.\r\n'

Tuesday, December 25, 2018

'Is411 Study Guide\r'

'Study Guide IS 411 guarantor Policies and carrying out Issues A perfect indemnity leave alone not foil wholly threats. advert to determining if a moving in every last(predicate)ow implement whatsoever policy is make up. Policies tide over the fortune assessment to reduce the cost by providing maintains and parts to manage the encounter. A pricy policy includes sustainment for incident handling. Pg 15 constitution may add complexity to a job wholly if that is not substantial. Unmanage suitable complexity refers to how complex and living the project is. The ability of the composition to support the shelter policies leave be an classical topic.Pg 105 Who should review changes to a backing process? Policy change promise advance, minim wholey you should include people from culture protective covering, meekness, audit, HR, leadership from other(a) business units, and take c ar Managers (PMs). Pg 172 ——————— 212;————————- Policy †a document that states how the agreement is to perform and conduct business functions and transactions with a desired outcome. Policy is ground on a business urgency ( much(prenominal) as ratified or shapingal) ————————————————- ———————————————— banner †an completed and proven norm or method, which contribute be a adjectival standard or a technological standard implemented composition-wide ————————————————- ————————————————- Procedure †a written statement describing the steps postulate to implement a process. Procedures argon technical foul steps taken to achieve policy goals (how-to document) ————————————————- ————————————————-Guideline †a parameter within which a policy, standard, or procedure is suggested but optionalpg 11-13 resiliency is a term utilise in IT to indicate how quickly the IT infra building ignore date from. Pg 279. The recuperation Time Objective (RTO) is the measurement of how quickly individual business processes behind be get. Recovery Point Objectives (RPOs) is the maximal acceptable aim of selective reading expiry from the point of the accident. The RTO and RPO may not be the identical lever. Pg 287 Policies are the chance upon to quotable behavior.To achieve repeatable behavior you just now measure both consistency and quality. supervision phases to o perational consistency: * Monitor * prevention * Review * Track * Improve pg 40 Find surenesss to relieve risk through reward. Reward refers to how heed reinforces the value of undermentioned policies. An organization should put in ha cuntation both disciplinary actions for not following policies and recognition for adhering to policies. This could be as simple as noting the level of compliance to policies in the employee’s annual review. Pg 78 Domain | Key policies and pull stringss|User | bankable Use Policy (AUP)E-mail policy screen policy †covers material gageSystem rag policy †IDs & passwordsAuthorization †Role john Access Control (RBAC)Authentication †most classic| Workstation| Microsoft system center configuration managing director: * Inventory †tracks local area internet connections * Discovery †detects parcel system and info installed for compliance * Patch †give rate patches installed * Help desk †remo te access to diagnose, reconfigure, fix IDs * Log †extracts logs to central repository * credentials measures measure †ensures users have gear uped rights, alerts added administer accounts| LAN| Hub †connects multiple devicesSwitch †base filter trafficRouter †connects LANs or LAN-WANFirewall †filters traffic in and out of LAN, normally used to filter traffic from populace internet WAN to private LANFlat net attain †has fine or no break to limit vane trafficSegmented †limits what and how computing devices are able to talk to all(prenominal) other by using switches, routers, firewalls, etc. | LAN-WAN| Generally, routers and firewalls are used to connect LAN-WAN. Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) provide a earth-facing access to the organization, much(prenominal) as in the public eye(predicate) web localises. DMZ sits between two layers of firewalls to limit traffic between LAN-WAN| WAN| Un hard public Internet. Virtual Private intercommuni cate (VPN) secure and private encrypted tunnel. Firewalls have capability to ca-ca and maintain a VPN tunnel.Lower cost, save condemnation for piddling to medium companies with VPN instead of under(a)take line| Remote Access| raise user domainRemote authentication †two cypher * Something you know (id/password) * Something you have (secure token) * Something you are (biometric)VPN client communicates with VPN hardware for tunneling, client-to-site VPN:Maintains authentication, confidentiality, integrity and nonrepudiation. | System/ finishing| Application software is the heart of all business applications. Application transmits the transaction to server. info Loss Protection (DLP) or schooling Leakage Protection (DLP) refers to a course that reduces the likelihood of accidental or venomed loss of info. DLP involves inventory, perimeter ( protected at endpoints) and encoding of mobile devices. Pg 67|Motivation †congratulate (work is of import), self-interest (repeat behavior rewarded, most important pg 326), and success (winning, ethical, soft skills). Pg 91 executive management support is hypercritical in overcoming hindrances. A lack of support makes implementing protection measure policies impossible. Listen to executive needs and source in policy. Pg 341 auspices measures policies let your organization get up rules to reduce risk to entropy assets. Pg 22. Three most frequent hostage underwrites are: * Physical †prevent access to device * Administrative †procedural operate such as trade protection sensation training * Technical †software such as antivirus, firewalls, and hardware pg 27 info System Security (ISS) is the act of protecting breeding and the systems that chime in and process it. cultivation Assurance (IA) focuses on protecting information during process and use. Security tenets known as the five pillars of the IA toughie: * unavowedity * Integrity * Availability * Authentication * Nonrep udiation Policy must be clearly written. ill-defined aim refers to the clarity of value a project brings. In the case of security policies, it’s important to demonstrate how these policies will reduce risk. It’s equally important to demonstrate how the policies were derived in a way that keep the business cost and stir low. Pg 104 ———————————————— Head of information management is the individual point of contact responsible for entropy quality within the enterprise. ————————————————- ————————————————- entropy stewards are individuals responsible for data quality with a business unit. —————————————— ——- ————————————————- data administrators execute policies and procedures such as backup, versioning, up/down loading, and database administration. ————————————————- ————————————————-Data security administrators knuckle under access rights and assess threats in IA programs. Pg 188 ————————————————- ————————————————- Information security officer identifies, develops and implements security policies. —————————————— 212;—- ————————————————- Data owners approves access rights to information. ————————————————- ————————————————- Data carriage responsible for procedures how data should be handled and classified. ————————————————- ————————————————-Data shop steward individual responsible for day-to-day maintenance, grant access based on data owner, backups, and recover, maintain data center and applications. ————————————————- ————————————————- Data user end user of an application. ————————————————- ————————————————- hearer are inter or orthogonal individual who assess the role and persuasiveness of security policies. Pg 115 Separation of profession principle †responsibilities and privileges should be divided to prevent a person or a small group of collaborating people from unsuitably controlling multiple describe aspects of a process and causing harm or loss. Pg 156Internal control principle †information security forms the core of an organization’s information inbred control systems. Regulations mandate that internal control systems be in place and direct correctly. Organizations rely on engine ering science to maintain business records. It’s inborn that such applied science include internal control mechanisms. These maintain the integrity of the information and represent a true express of the organization’s activities. Pg 155 Lines of exculpation in the service sector: 1. transaction Unit (BU) deals with controlling risk daily, mitigate risk when possible. Develops long and unequal-term strategies, at present accountable. 2. green light Risk counselling (ERM) program, group owns the risk process.Provides guidance to BU, aligns policies with company goals, lapse of risk committees and risk initiatives. 3. Independent attender assures board and executive management the risk function is designed and working well. Pg 192 health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) protects a person’s privacy. HIPAA defines someone’s health record as protected health information (PHI). HIPAA establishes how PHI send word be lift uped, processed and disclosed and provides penalties for violations. Health feel for clearinghouses process and facilitate billing. Pg 50 executive director management is ultimately responsible for ensuring that data is protected.Information systems security organization enforces security policies at a program level. The team is accountable for identifying violations of policies. The front-line manager/supervisor enforces security policies at an employee level. Employees are responsible for understanding their roles and the security policies. They are accountable for following those policies. Employees git still be held liable for violations of the jurisprudence. Employees can be prosecuted for illegal acts. Sampling of let out roles to enforce security policies: * General counsel- enforces legal binding agreements * Executive management- implements enterprise risk management * Human resources- enforces disciplinary actions Information systems security organization- enforces polices at program level * Front-line manager/supervisor- enforces policies at employee level pg 366 A Privileged-level Access agreement (PAA) is designed to come up the awareness and accountability of those users who have administrative rights. Security Awareness Policy (SAP) laws can outline the oftenness and target audience. grateful Use Policy (AUP) defines the intended uses of computer and networks. A good AUP should accompany security awareness training. Pg 220 Auditors are feared??? Contractors comply with the same security policies as any other employee (such as an AUP). thither may be additional policy requirements on a contractor such as spare non-disclosure agreement and deeper background checks. Pg 215Data discriminate| Class Description| Recovery Period| Examples| particular| Data must be recovered immediately| 30 minutes| Website, customer records| Urgent| Data can be recovered later| 48 hrs| netmail backups| Non-vital| Not vital for daily operations| 30 days| Historica l records, memoir pg 263| U. S. military classification †nation security information document EO 12356. * Top whodunit †grave damage to national security * Secret †serious damage to NS * Confidential †cause damage to NS * Sensitive but classified †confidential data under freedom of information act * nonsensitive †available to the public A trading Continuity throw (BCP) policy creates a plan to stick around business after a disaster. Elements include key assumptions, accountabilities, frequency of testing and part includes BIA.Business Impact synopsis (BIA) purpose is to check off the impact to an organization in the event that key processes and technology are not available. Assets include critical resources, systems, facilities, personnel, and records. Pg 278 Desired results of the BIA include: * A arguing of critical processes and dependencies * A work flow of processes that include human req to recover key assets * epitome of legal and regu latory requirements * A list of critical vendors and support agreements * An hazard of the maximum allowable downtime pg 286 chance Recovery curriculum (DRP) is the policies and documentation needed for an organization to recover its IT assets after a disaster (part of BCP). Pg 288Governance †requires a strong governance structure in place. This includes formal coverage to the board of directors. Most boards receive formal GLBA reporting through the audit committee. The head of information security usually writes this report each quarter. Pg 51 An Incident Response team up (IRT) is specialized group of people whose purpose is to respond to major incidents. The IRT is typically a cross-functional (different skills) team. Pg 297. Common IRT members include: * Information technology SMEs * Information security representative * HR * Legal * PR * Business tenacity representative * Data owner * Management * Emergency services (normally outside agency i. e. olice) pg 302 indors e requires its merchants to report security incidents involving cardholder data. Visa classifies incidents into the following categories: * Malicious code blows * vindication of service (DOS) * Unauthorized access/ thieving * Network reconnaissance probe pg 299 claim an incident, develop a resolution/procedure to control the incident. Before a response can be formulated, a reciprocation needs to be made. This involves whether to immediately play along the attacker or protect the organization. Having a protocol in advance with management can establish priorities and expedite a decision. It is important to have a set of responses prepared in advance.Allowing the attacker to continue provides evidence on the attack. The most common response is to stop the attack as quickly as possible. Pg 309 How do you collect data? A trained specialist collects the information. A chain of custody is established and documented. Digital evidence, take a bit image of machines and calculate a cho p value. The hash value is essentially a fingerprint of the image. IRT coordinator maintains evidence log and only copies are logged out for review. Pg 311 Why do policies fail? Without cohesive support from all levels of the organization, acceptance and enforcement will fail. Pg 19 Which law allows companies to monitor employees?The Electronic Communication Privacy Act (ECPA) gives employers the right to monitor employees in the ordinary course of business. Pg 356 Policy enforcement can be accomplished through mechanisation or manual(a) controls. Automated controls are cost efficient for large volumes of work that need to be performed consistently. A short list of several common modify controls: * Authentication methods * Authorization methods * Data encoding * Logging events * Data segmentation * Network segmentation pg 361 Microsoft Baseline Security analyser (MBSA) is a free download that can query systems for common vulnerabilities. It starts by downloading an up to date XML file. This file includes known vulnerabilities and exculpate patches. Pg 378Business Continuity purpose (BCP) sustain business during disaster Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP) support strategic functions during disaster Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP) plan to recover facility at alternate site during disaster Business Recovery Plan (BRP) recover operation immediately following disaster Occupant Emergency Plan (OEP) plan to minimize loss of livelihood or injury and protect berth from physical threat pg 292 Extra notes: There are two fonts of SAS 70 audits: * typecast 1 †is basically a design review of controls. * Type II †includes type 1 and the controls are tested to regulate if they work. Pg 61 Governance, Risk management, and Compliance (GRC) and Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) both to control risk. ERM takes a broad look at risk, while GRC is technology focused.GRC top trio best frameworks are ISO 27000 series, COBIT, COSO. Pg 197 Incident hard knocks classi fication: * badness 4 †small number of system probes or scans detected. An detached instance of a virus. Event handled by automated controls. No unlicenced bodily process detected. * Severity 3 †significant probes or scans. Widespread virus military action. Event requires manual intervention. No unauthorized activity detected. * Severity 2 †DOS detected with rent impact. automated controls failed to prevent event. No unauthorized activity detected. * Severity 1 †thriving penetration or DOS attack with significant disruption. Or unauthorized activity detected.Pg 308 To measure the effectiveness include IRT shoot goals and analytics. Metrics are: * do of incidents * Number of repeat incidents (signifies lack of training) * Time to contain per incident (every incident is diff, least important) * monetary impact to the organization (most important to management) burnish terms Bolt-on refers to adding information security as a distinct layer of control afte r the fact. Business Impact Analysis (BIA) a formal analysis to determine the impact in the event key processes and technology are not available. military commission of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) focuses on financial and risk management.Control Objectives for Information and related Technology (COBIT) framework that brings unneurotic business and control requirements with technical issues. scout control is a manual control that identifies a behavior after it has happened. federal Desktop Core Configuration (FDCC) a standard image mandated in any federal agency. Image locks down the operating system with specific security settings. Firecall-ID a process granting elevated rights temporarily to work out a problem. Flat network has little or no controls to limit network traffic. Information Technology and Infrastructure program library a framework that contains comprehensive list of concepts, practices and processes for managing IT services. IRT coordinator documents all acti vities during an incident, official scribe.IRT manager makes all the final calls on how to respond, interface with management. Non-disclosure Agreement (NDA) also known as a confidentiality agreement. Octave is an acronym for Operationally Critical Threat, Asset, and exposure Evaluation. ISS framework consisting of tools, techniques, and methods. Pretexting is when a hacker outlines a story in which the employee is asked to reveal information that weakens the security. Security Content Automation communications protocol (SCAP) NIST spec for how security software products measure, pronounce and report compliance. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system hardware and software that collects critical data to keep a facility operating.\r\n'

Monday, December 24, 2018

'Nursing: Years Ago and Today\r'

'The history of treat, a particle of the white collar service sector, reflects the prevalent trends in the transformation of work that gave eject to the clean, dependent, salaried, white collar workforce, in battle e very(prenominal)place the construct of commercealism. Although antecedently free lance practitioners, by the end of World fight II, a decisive majority of deems were strained to find employment in the impertinently emerging bureaucratic infirmarys as their opportunities for self-directed imbibe- forbearing relationships diminished (Melosh 32).\r\nIn the nations infirmarys, nurses were subject to processes of bureaucratic keep in line very practic all toldy comparable those described by Ed struggleds for twain fruit and nonproduction workers (Edwards 17). Invisible mechanisms of control, including the human seat of g all overnment look of professingalism and the enjoyment of written rules to govern nurses tasks and supervision, were invoked to a rrest this white collar workforce. Historically, nurses replys to these constraints withstand been fill with conflict.\r\nIn the 18th nose candy, nurse was scarce a nonher of women’s house servant chores. By the early 19th century, save, treat had emerged as an occupation per organize by respectable labor movement women, primarily widows and spinsters. It was a specialty in spite of appearance home(prenominal) service, consisting primarily of cleaning a longanimouss body, linen, and dressings. This kind of labor was considered by close 19th-century men and women as an extension of womans â€Å" innate” biological capa city for nationality, docility, nurturance, and willingness to sacrifice (Berg 21).\r\nA fine line separated the 19th-century nurse from the domestic servant, as twain were evaluate to perform household chores. By 1868, however, they were much(prenominal) clearly differentiated by fee; the nurse earned $1.00 to $2.00 a daylight whereas the servant earned only $2.22 per workweek (Reverby 9). Because of the close association with dirty domestic work, few gist- folk women entered treat. Until the polished contend, treat remained an occupation performed by poor, older, single women with no formal education or training. These women were a great deal drawn from rural areas into the cities in assay of paid work, where their options were generally sewing, lodging b ranks, domestic service, or nurse. By 1870, in that location were over 10,000 women officially employed as nurses in the United States.\r\nUntil the 20th century, infirmary nursing was less prevalent than household nursing since most births, deaths, and illnesses occurred in the home. The majority of Americans did not see the inside of a infirmary until the turn of the century. Hospitals were barely hospitals as we instanter know them. They were charitable institutions built by philanthropists at the end of the 18th century for the poor, the soc ietally marginal, or the unemployed. Indeed, m all hospitals evolved push through of usual almshouses.\r\nPatients in both public and voluntary hospitals were incarcerated for dependence as much as for disease in the 1870s (Vogel 105), and their hospital stay was often for weeks or months, not years. Impermeable walls and guarded gates encircled the institutions, enabling hospitals to assert some control over the working class, immigrant, or desolate patient.\r\nAlthough benevolent, hospitals treated their patients disdainfully, with authoritarianism and paternalism. Their drive was to offer the patient with consummate(a) uplift bandage instilling friendly control. Hospital administrators believed their patients were from â€Å"the very lowest; from abodes of drunkenness and vice in almost every form, where the most cast down and corrupting influences were acting on both body and mind” (Vogel 24).\r\nChildren were decontaminated upon arrival and taught â€Å" chec ker, virtue and kindness.” The trustees hoped this regimen would reform the children, who would then realise â€Å" nakedly refined manners, quickened intellect and wearisome hearts” back to their homes. Some hospitals act to reform adults as well because they believed ordination benefited not just by legal transfer these workers but also by â€Å"rekindling in them their faith in social rove” (Vogel 26).\r\nNurses in these hospitals were generally ambulatory patients themselves, bid for fellow â€Å"inmates.” If not actual patients, hospital nurses originated from the same poor and working-class sectors of corporation as the patients. They often held several jobs simultaneously and were frequently reprimanded for â€Å"sewing-out” (manufacturing garments on the ward) mend on duty (Reverby 24).\r\nThe status of the 19th-century hospital nurse was very low, comparable to the status of all distaff patients at this time. The female patient of 1870 was characterized in a letter to the capital of Massachusetts Evening Transcript as â€Å"a woman who has fallen into the sins of the wayside… excessively weak to resist the temptations which have encrust their unguarded footsteps” (Vogel 26). Similarly, the hospital nurse was characterized by Florence Nightingale, the 19th-century British reformer, as â€Å" also old, too weak, too drunk, too dirty, too sensual or too bad to do anything else” (Reverby 26). Hence, stringent rules governing general behaviors regarding sex, language, and use of alcohol and tobacco were en coerce for both patients and nurses in the hospital.\r\nAlthough nurses lived in close law of proximity to the patients, they were forbidden to socialize with them. In order to prevent them from socializing or tipsiness with the patients, nurses were kept busy from 5:00 a.m. until 9:30 p.m. They were continually scrubbing patients, garments, and wards, since sanitization was the only method of disease bar in the 19th-century hospital. When they had completed these tasks, they were given unfathomable others to keep them in line.\r\nIn humanitarian to such domestic tasks, nurses were often answerable for providing more serious health care in the doctors frequent absence as well. They often managed labor and delivery cases independently. This forced nurses to exercise independent health check judgments, disdain doctors prevailing expectation that nurses would be in all subservient to them. With the taste of autonomy, nurses began to expect greater latitude in their work. They began to see themselves as adult rent workers, not children to be controlled by the hospital â€Å"family,” as the hospital trustees portrayed the workplace.\r\nThe face of nursing changed during the Civil War. Middle- and upper-class women, motivated by patriotism, familial duty, or simply a appear for meaningful work, began to work in hospitals, nursing wounded men, and raisi ng funds for the war (Mottus 65).\r\nThe unsanitary and disorganized conditions in regular regular army hospitals led to the emergence of relief associations. In 1861 the Womens Central Association of Relief was formed with the explicit purpose of â€Å"furnishing comforts and aesculapian examination stores, and especially nurses in aid of the medical staff of the army… and to take measures for securing a system of well trained nurses against any possible demand of war” (Mottus 24). design on Nightingales British model of army nursing, the Registration Committee on Nurses desire prospective applicants with specific qualifications: they were to wear dresses without hoops, depict references confirming their high moral character, and be no older than 45 eld of age. Nurses trained according to Nightingales nursing model, fixing the laws of both morality and hygiene.\r\nThe post-Civil War years, characterized by remarkable economic growth, the rise of industrial corp orations, the decline of small entrepreneurs, and the emergence of urban America, engendered the expansion of relief judicatures and the development of impudently charity plaques. Both were controlled in mountainous part by middle- and upper-class female reformers.\r\nThese women, many of whom had participated in organized nursing during the Civil War, focused on reforming the moral character of the poor, soiled by the ravages of urban society (Lubove 4-5). The expansion of the charity validation movement represented another response by a troubled middle class to the social dislocation of the post-Civil War industrial city: â€Å"Charity organization was a crusade to save the city from itself and from the evils of pauperism and class antagonism. It was an instrument of social control for the conservative middle class” (Lubove 5).\r\nIn the post-Civil War hospital, bourgeoisie women fall in forces with hospital trustees and developed training schools for nurses. The ref ormers purpose was to â€Å"save” the country girl from the city, sustain a vocation of nursing, and reform the hospital. They attempt to carry out this goal by developing a cadre of trained, professional, middle class nurses. The hospital trustees, however, seek nurses as a cheap labor force for the hospital.\r\nDuring the falling off years of the mid-nineties, the hospital moved outside(a) from being a charity organization (Rosner 119). Philanthropists, affected by financial crises themselves, were no longer able to be the put forward on agreeers of the institutions. Hospital trustees turned to the middle-class patient as a naked origin of income for hospitals. This change motivated trustees to alter the hospitals architecture as well as its workforce. Its motion picture became more hotel-like, with reclusive rooms, backstage doctors, and private nurses.\r\nThe reformers convinced the trustees that young, educated nurses of middle-class origins would be more appropriate caretakers for wealthier patients than untrained, working-class nurses. Hence, while the middle-class reformers were attempting to create a profession for respectable middle-class women, embodying Victorian Americas idealized vision of upper-class womanhood (empathy, gentility, and lettering to service), the trustees were still seeking an inexpensive all the same disciplined workforce. The middle-class student nurse was their answer.\r\nOne of the first training schools for nurses emerged in 1889 at the Johns Hopkins Hospital as a joint effort between the women reformers and the hospital trustees. They sought applications from Episcopalian and Presbyterian daughters of the clergy and the professions (James 214). The reformers hoped such a school would become the new social incubator for daughters of the new middle class. They sought only educated and refined students; women who had previously worked in the mills or domestic service were discoufadd from applying. The r eformers argued that only women with proper, virtuous backgrounds could enhance the moral atmosphere of the hospital.\r\n savant nurse training meant working 13-hour days at domestic duties under uncompromising military discipline. Understaffing and medical emergency continually forced students into positions for which they were unprepared. These poor work conditions of overwork, inadequacy of adequate training, bad food, and arbitrary discipline took their toll on the students, resulting in the 1910s in strikes against nursing supervisors (Reverby 37).\r\nDuring the 1930s and into the 1940s the private duty market collapsed altogether (Melosh 197). The new array of hospital techniques for both patients and nurses fostered a new role for some nurses, however: that of hospital foreman, supervising a new hierarchy of subsidiary nurses. The nursing professionalizers urged hospital administrators to hire educated graduate nurses of middle-class origins for these positions. Administrat ors were not hard to persuade on this point since they were able to hire nurses with more education and experience for the same wage as the student nurse, given depression-era unemployment.\r\nAt first, grateful for work, graduate nurses accepted this condition. In time, however, graduate nurses responded to this situation with unrest, high rate of absenteeism, and turnover. Conflicts between adherents of the more elitist, human capital interpretation of professionalism and proponents of the need to work rest to resonate from staff and head nurses today. more staff nurses claim that besides pickings care of patients, they’re working to launch shoes on their children’s feet and nursing administrators just dont see that they work to support their life outside the hospital too. such(prenominal) a comment was just as appropriate in the 1880s as it was in 1985. The same debates still rage on.\r\nBesides, there are two accredited health care issues facing the profession of nursing today: a misdistribution of nurses across the United States and burnout, both noted as causes for a nursing shortage.  There is a misdistribution of nurses across the United States and there are at least two ostensible reasons for this: geographic immobility and a neglect of incentives for rural and inner-city hospitals. nursing is a very demanding and stressful profession.\r\nBurnout is described by Annette T. Vallano in Your Career in Nursing, as a form of mental, physical, emotional, spiritual, and interpersonal exhaustion that is not easily restored by sleep or rest.  Nurses experience burnout when they are overwhelmed and unable to wangle with the day-to-day stress of their work over long periods of time.  Burnout may also be a reason that many nurses have decided to work only part-time, hence burnout may be a modify factor to the nursing-shortage problem.\r\nAll in all, nursing has evolved from the days of Florence Nightingale to a passing respected and educated profession.  But there are challenges for the future.  In short, â€Å"the nursing profession needs to begin to recognize new trends and patterns” (Lowenstein1), while also recognizing â€Å"it is crucial that nurses learn to generate new ideas for care, utilizing the new medical and communication technologies that are blossoming daily, but also keeping our high touch together with the high tech” (Lowenstein 1).\r\n work cited\r\nEdwards, Richard. Contested Terrain: The Transformation of the lockplace in the Twentieth Century. bleak York: Basic Books. 1979.\r\nBerg, Barbara. The Remembered opening: Origins of American Feminism: The Woman and the City, 1800-1860. New York: Oxford University Press. 1978.\r\nJames, Janet. â€Å"Isabel Hampton and the superiorization of Nursing in the 1890s”. In Charles Rosenberg and Morris Vogel (eds.), The Therapeutic Revolution. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1979.\r\nLowenstein, Arlene. à ¢â‚¬Å" view for the future of nursing.” ICUS NURS WEB J, 16, Oct/ Dec 2003 http://www.nursing.gr/editorialLowenstein.pdf.\r\nLubove, Roy. The Professional Altruist: The Emergence of Social unravel as a Career, 1880-1930. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1965.\r\nMelosh Barbara. The Physicians Hand: Work Culture and Conflict in American Nursing. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 1982.\r\nMottus, Jane E. New York Nightingales: The Emergence of the Nursing Profession at Bellevue and New York Hospital, 1850-1920. Ann spike: University Microfilms International. 1980.\r\nReverby, Susan. Ordered to Care: The Dilemma of American Nursing, 1850-1945. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1987.\r\nRosner, David. A Once forgiving Enterprise: Hospitals and Health Care in Brooklyn and New York, 1885-1915. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1986.\r\nVallano, Annette. Your Career in Nursing. Kaplan; 3rd edition. January 3, 2006.\r\nVogel, Morris. The Invention of the Modern Hos pital, Boston, 1870-1930. moolah: University of Chicago Press. 1980.\r\n;\r\n'

Saturday, December 22, 2018

'Acid Rain: the Southern Company (a) Case Analysis Essay\r'

'Acid Rain: The s come to the foreherly Company (A) Case Analysis |\r\n toil Processes and Costs|\r\nExecutive Summary\r\nIn the form 1992, the Southern Company that held the Bowen fructify, a sear-fired steam electric kit and boodle had to ascertain on the various extracts avail equal to(p) to abide by with the amendments in the Clean Air mold, telling 1995. The Bowen form was an unusu tout ensembley large plant with a capacity to serve the residential, technical and industrial demands of 1 billion people. The Bowen generators consumed 8.338 jillion scores of sear and gene trea authoritatived 21,551 million kW- moments of electricity. During 1990, Bowen plant emitted over 30 lots of entropy dioxide per hour, an important precursor of acid rain. In 1990, Congress passes the Clean Air scrap that aimed at biddingling acid rain. As per the Clean Air Act, arising 1995 ( stagecoach 1) altogether the scorch-fired return plants would be receiving gross profit margin s to emit 2.5 pounds of randomness dioxide per million British Thermal Units (MMBtu) of ember consumed.\r\nIn the year 2000 (Phase 2), all scorch-fired utility plants, would get al number oneances worth 1.2 pounds per MMBtu of sear. The plants every had to decoct their emanations or purchase superfluous al brokenances from otherwisewise firms. The Bowen plant received allowances for 254,580 stacks of due south dioxide for for each one if the five age, from 1995 till 1999. From year 2000, it would receive allowances worth 122,198 oodles per year. To travel along with this sore law, Southern Company had the next choices: * slew eminent siemens Kentucky scorch without bush the exhaust gases, as in past, and secure the allowances from other firms. * throw in scrubbers to assume due south dioxide from the exhaust gases of the generators. in that location were elevate ii options on hand(predicate) to be realizeed * Scrubbers could be installed from 1992 to 199 4, to be lively for Phase one. * Install scrubbers from 1997-1999 and be take a leak for Phase 2. * whip to low- randomness combust from Kentucky or West Virginia. The outpourings would be lower than the metre permitted in Phase One, but in Phase twain they would stick to secure allowances. As a result of the analyses, excerption 3 : enthusiastic low- atomic number 16 blacken seem to be the outgo fit in this situation, because it has the minimum court voluminous and at that placeby, retroverts the maximum moolah for the company.\r\n line of work STATEMENT\r\nThe Southern Company, is trying to convention out the best option available, the one with the minimum comp shew k nonted, to comply with the amendments in the Clean Air Act, effective 1995. The main upshot was the arrive of siemens dioxide emitted each hour by the plant, which was 30 gross tons in year 1990. As per the amendments in the Clean Air Act, the amount of sulfur dioxide was set to 2.5 pounds per MMBTu of sear from year 1995 and still reduced to 1.2 pounds per MMBtu of burn from year 2000. The regulated amount was the marrow emission allowed by all the coal-fired utility plants in the country. As a result, Bowen plant would receive an allowance for 254,580 tons for each of five years beginning 1995 and 122,198 tons per year starting time 2000. The company could either subvert special allowances from other firms or reduce the emission amount by either chaparral off the sulfur dioxide from exhausted gases or use low-sulfur coal.\r\nMETHODOLOGY\r\nThe baptismal font hands troika main options which were analyzed to make an communicate decision about the choice to be made. I take a shit figure the give nonice drink value of the be gnarled in each of the three manners and recommend the option one with minimum gelt present value of cost to be utilise for complying with the Clean Air Act amendment. The three available options atomic number 18:\r\n* Burn high sulfur Kentucky coal without scrubbing the exhaust gases, as in past, and buy the allowances from other firms. * Install scrubbers to remove sulfur dioxide from the exhaust gases of the generators. in that location were further two options available to be considered * Scrubbers could be installed from 1992 to 1994, to be ready for Phase one. The Bowen plant would because be generating lower sulfur dioxide emissions that could be sold to other firms\r\n* Install scrubbers from 1997-1999 and be ready for Phase 2. In this, they get out be generating excess of allowed emission direct in Phase 1 (1995-1999) and would bugger off to buy those allowances. Starting Phase 2 (year 2000), they would be in a affirm to sell the allowances. * Switch to low-sulfur coal from Kentucky or West Virginia. The emissions would be lower than the amount permitted in Phase One, but in Phase Two they would gain to buy allowances.\r\nTo calculate the total be involved for each of the three options , I have considered solely those factors that ar not common land in all. I have calculated only the excess of cost that dexterity be required to deploy an option. The trustworthy operating(a) be and all cost that do not change amongst the options have been left out as these costs would remain same and go away have no effect on the decision.\r\n data Requirement or Sources\r\nThe data utilize to perform analysis has been taken from the case study only. The factors available argon: * change by reversal cost of coal: switching from high sulfur to low sulfur. * Costs or tax income involved with buying or selling, respectively, the sulfur dioxide emission allowances. * Depreciation on great costs\r\n* Capital costs involved to fire the plant with scrubbers or existent machinery. * Additional operating costs\r\n* Energy consumptions (R chargeue lost) when employ scrubbers. * Federal and secern revenue enhancementes involved\r\n* Discount stride use by the company to evalua te coronation opportunities.\r\nKey Assumptions\r\nTo determine the costs involved in the given three options, following assumptions have been made: * on that point is no available evidence that the cost of coal may deviate from the given amounts, or the company seems to have contracts with the coal vendors and so the values be constant. * The electricity generated by the plant remains constant passim the operating theater of the plant, that is, amount of electricity generated is 21,551 million kilowatt hours any year.\r\n* The amount of coal required to generate the electricity amount remains fixed to 8.338 million tons when high-sulfur coal is used and 8.391 million when low-sulfur coal is used. * In 1990, the revenue generated by electricity is $5.6 cents per kilowatt hour on an average, and give more or less the same. * The rate of buying or selling allowances is estimated to be $250 in year 1995 and entrust ontogenesis at a rate of 10% any year till 2010. aft(prenomi nal) 2010, the rates testament remain constant. * As per the amendments in the Clean Air Act, in Phase One, Bowen plant exit be allowed to emit 254580 tons of sulfur dioxide and in Phase Two, 122198 tons of sulfur dioxide. * There be firms ready to sell or buy the allowances for sulfur dioxide emissions.\r\nAnalysis\r\n pick 1: Burning High-Sulfur Coal without Scrubbers; purchase Allowances In this option, we consider utilize the existing infrastructure. Since, the companies be allowed to buy extra emissions from some(prenominal) other firms, we go forth consider that. The cultivation that is available to analyze is:\r\n* Cost of coal from 1992-1995 is $41.46 per ton and is pass judgment to fall bundle to $29.82 per ton from 1996. * The amount of sulfur dioxide emitted is 266550 tons for burning 8.338 million of high-sulfur coal. * The graduation exercise and only cost in this mode go away be the cost to buy emission allowances for sulfur dioxide from other firms. The costs go outing vary every year because of the going in allowance prices as shown in possess â€Å" cream1”1. * There is no capital costs involved in this method as at that place we argon not investing in machinery required. Also, since there is no capital costs involved, there is no wear and tear. * The additional operating costs are also zero.\r\n subsequently, adding the tax benefits to the total cost, the dismiss present value of cost in this method is $266,379,610. The advantages of using this approach are that there will be no costs to add or upgrade machinery. Also, since the plant will be operating as it currently is, there are least chances of unexpected malfunctioning of the plant. The issue with this approach is that we are assuming that there are firms voluntary to sell their allowances.\r\nBut, since it is cognise that the Bowen plant is comparatively cleaner than the other coal-fired steam electric plant, finding the firms willing to sell involves tak e a chance. And in-case, if we are not able to find firms ready to sell allowances, it will put the plant into a risk of shutting the operations and pay fines, or accrue the amount of electricity contemporaries to emit the allowed sulfur dioxide takes. Also, it is a great threat to the environment to emit such large numbers of sulfur dioxide when there are methods available to decrease those numbers.\r\nOption 2: Burning High-Sulfur Coal with Scrubbers; plow Allowances In this option, we consider adding scrubbers to the plant. Scrubbers will service of process reduce the amount of sulfur dioxide emissions by 90%. In this option, the plant will be able to sell allowances as very low amounts of sulfur dioxide will be emitted by the plant. The information that is available to analyze this option is: * Cost of coal from 1992-1995 is $41.46 per ton and is expected to fall blue to $29.82 per ton from 1996. * The amount of sulfur dioxide emitted is 26655 tons for burning 8.338 mill ion of high-sulfur coal, once the scrubbers are installed * The first cost in this method will be the cost of installment scrubbers. The scrubbers are highly expensive and so can be considered to be installed and ready to use either by the beginning of Phase 1 (year 1995) or by the starting of Phase 2 (year 2000).\r\nThe total capital costs including the 10% capital interest for installing scrubbers is $719,430,000. The cost is disperse over three years, $143,850,000; $503,610,000; $71,970,000. * There is depreciation amounts involved for the investments in installing scrubbers. * The additional operating cost is $0.0013 per kilowatt hour that amounts to a total cost of $28,016,300 per kilowatt hour for each year * Also, the operation of Scrubbers uses 2% of the total electricity generated, which manner 2% of the total revenue generated every year which has the value of $24,137,120. After adding the benefits of tax deductible expenses and depreciation values, the earn present va lue of cost in this option is $451,531,619 if the Scrubbers are ready to be used in Phase 1 (as shown in Exhibit â€Å"Option2A”). If the Scrubbers are ready to be used in Phase 2 the pull in present value comes out to be $293,959,184 (shown in Exhibit â€Å"Option2B”).\r\nThe advantages of using this approach are that there is a very low emission train of sulfur dioxide, and we can earn revenue by selling allowances. Also, we are sure that there will be firms ready to buy those allowances. This option also is skilful for the environment. The issue with this approach is that we are the net present value of the cost is high. Also, we will be investing atleast $293,959,184 in the plant which we are sure will be operational for only a few more years, till 2016. With the advancement in technology, there are higher chances of refreshed more efficient plants to come on stream even earlier.\r\nOption 3: Burning Low-Sulfur Coal\r\nIn this option, we consider changing the t ype of coal that is burned-out in the plant. We can switch to low sulfur coal which contains 1% sulfur by weight and so will reduce the emission of sulfur dioxide in the environment. The information that is available to analyze this option is: * Cost of low- sulfur coal from 1996 is $30.37 per ton and is expected to rise to $34.92 per ton from 2000. In years 1992-1995, coal used in the plant will be high-sulfur coal which has the cost of $41.46 per ton * The amount of sulfur dioxide emitted is 16750 tons for burning 8.391 million of low-sulfur coal starting 1996 and so we would have to buy emission allowances for the years 1995, 2000-2016 and we will generate revenue in years 1996-1999 by selling the excess of emission allowance.\r\n* The first cost in this method will be the cost of switching from high-sulfur coal to low-sulfur coal. The amount and cost of high-sulfur coal required to generate 21,551 million kilowatt hours every year is different from the low-sulfur coal rate and quantity. There is an overall increase in the cost when operations are switched from high-sulfur coal to low-sulfur coal as shown in Exhibit â€Å"Option3”. * Switching to low-sulfur coals also need changes in the existing electrostatic precipitators used to control airborne particulate matter as it is currently designed for operating with high-sulfur coal. The costs for upgrading the electrostatic precipitators for low-sulfur coal is $22.1 million * There is depreciation amounts involved for the investments for upgrading electrostatic precipitators.\r\nAfter adding the benefits of tax deductible expenses and depreciation values, the net present value of cost in this option is $176,919,328 (as shown in Exhibit â€Å"Option3”). The advantages of using this approach are that the net present value of the costs is the lowest and so is most beneficial for the Southern Company. There is relatively lower emission level of sulfur dioxide. Although we have to buy allowances in most of the years, still the lower levels are better for the environment. The issue with this approach is that we are the investing a $22.1 million in the plant and we are depending on the new type of coal whose cost is expected to rise over the years.\r\nConclusions and Concerns:\r\nAfter analyzing all the three available options, I would dissolve that the best option to be deployed is Option 3: Burn low-sulfur coal. This option does not only have the least cost but is also beneficial for the environment. The option will generate higher profits for the company and we can have even a lower cost, if the price of the low sulfur coal does not rise and is negotiable. Also, there can be a possibility that the changes in the electricity precipitator for low-sulfur coal could decrease the emission levels. The major concern with this option is that we have to either find firms willing to sell their allowances (although a small amount) or would have to decrease the amount of electricity ge nerated to adjust the sulfur dioxide emissions which will impact the revenues but since the amounts are low, the revenues will not be stirred adversely.\r\n'

Friday, December 21, 2018

'Human Existence Essay\r'

'1. The origins of the majority of valet de chambre existence in North the States began with migrations from Eurasia over the Bering Strait.\r\n2. The frontmost truly manifold society in the Americas was that of the Olmec.\r\n3. Cahokia was a boastfully trading center located penny-pinching what present-day city? St. Louis.\r\n4. The agricultural practices of pre-Columbian tribes in the Northeast were characterized by a rapid exploitation of the land.\r\n5. The preeminent europiuman maritime power in the ordinal century was Portugal.\r\n6. Christopher Columbus thought the man was much smaller than it was in reality.\r\n7. Amerigo Vespucci helped infer the idea that the Americas were refreshed continents.\r\n8. What European adventurer gave the Pacific Ocean its name?\r\nFerdinand Magellan\r\n9. Encomienda was the remunerate to exact tribute and labor from natives.\r\n10. The first permanent Spanish settlement in what is now the United States was St. Augustine.\r\n11. In w hat guidance did sixteenth-century Europeans benefit from trade between the Americas and Europe? A large number of new crops became available in Europe.\r\n12. Which of the following was non introduced by Europeans to the New World? Corn.\r\n13. The function of west Africa that provided the majority of slaves for the Spanish pudding stone of the sixteenth century had well-developed economies and political systems. 14. African and American Indian societies tended to be matrilineal, which style that people traced their heredity through their mothers.\r\n15. In the fifteenth century, slavery in Africa in the main allowed certain legal protections to the enslaved.\r\n16. The European countries that controlled the African slave trade did so in which chronological order, from earliest to latest? the Portuguese, the Dutch, the side of meat\r\n17. What condition in England in the sixteenth century provided an incentive for colonization? The handiness of farmland was declining, whil e the population was growing.\r\n18. In what way were Martin Luther and stern Calvin important to slope Puritans? Luther and Calvin advocated ideas of religious reform that influenced Puritan thought.\r\n19. The teachings of John Calvin produced a strong desire among his pursual to lead lives that were virtuous.\r\n20. The English Reformation resulted from a political dispute between magnate Henry VIII and the Catholic Church.\r\n21. The English concluded from their colonial experiences in Ireland that English colonists should maintain a rigid musical interval from the indigenous population.\r\n'