Education and Acculturation in Our Lives :: essays research papers

Do you believe that there is more than one way to collar things? If you were given a piece of art to look at, what would you turn back? Would you see the same thing as a three year old, as your friend in Korea, or as your art teacher? why is it that each person would see the picture differently? Is the picture non the same in each case? wherefore would each person not see the same thing or fork up it the same way? According to Cole, the way we perceive things in our sidereal daytime-to-day lives is highly due to our reproduction and acculturation. Each person sees things differently because of the way they have been raised, and the culture and didactics they have been given.The grits play a vital part in the lives of individuals and the way they witness the things around them. The virtuoso of touch has been described as the most primitive and the most personal of the five senses (Colombo, Gary pg.27). Touch, though often unnoticed, is the physiological sense by which ext ernal objects or forces are perceived by dint of contact with the body. Lopez writes, Eventually I visited many places, staying with different sorts of flock. Most worked some substantial part of the day with their hands (pg.32). Many times touch is overlooked as an educational tool. Touch is one of the things that are very significant in developing citizenry both physically and emotionally and in linking us to other human beings. The sense of sight plays an important role as an educational device. We use our sense of sight to visually interact with our surroundings. With this sense we can recognize objects around us and make new discoveries. The mind plays a direct role in the way we respond to and interpret the things we see. The human eye provides the brain with vast amounts of visual information, in which the brain then registers or disregards in memory. The brain oft transmits signals back to the person which cause a physical or emotional reaction. For example, when one to uches a pointy object or hits ones knee on a hard surface, one feels pain not from the pointy object or the hard surface but by the interpretation in ones mind from electrical signals inside the brain. This is what causes one to yell out in agony when these particular situations occur.The more educated one becomes, whether it is by learning through experience as one gets older and/or being educated in school, the greater ones capability to sense their surroundings is.Education and Acculturation in Our Lives essays research papers Do you believe that there is more than one way to see things? If you were given a piece of art to look at, what would you see? Would you see the same thing as a three year old, as your friend in Korea, or as your art teacher? Why is it that each person would see the picture differently? Is the picture not the same in each case? Why would each person not see the same thing or interpret it the same way? According to Cole, the way we perceive things in our day-to-day lives is highly due to our education and acculturation. Each person sees things differently because of the way they have been raised, and the culture and education they have been given.The senses play a vital part in the lives of individuals and the way they interpret the things around them. The sense of touch has been described as the most primitive and the most personal of the five senses (Colombo, Gary pg.27). Touch, though often unnoticed, is the physiological sense by which external objects or forces are perceived through contact with the body. Lopez writes, Eventually I visited many places, staying with different sorts of people. Most worked some substantial part of the day with their hands (pg.32). Many times touch is overlooked as an educational tool. Touch is one of the things that are very significant in developing people both physically and emotionally and in linking us to other human beings. The sense of sight plays an important role as an educational device. We use our sense of sight to visually interact with our surroundings. With this sense we can recognize objects around us and make new discoveries. The mind plays a direct role in the way we respond to and interpret the things we see. The human eye provides the brain with vast amounts of visual information, in which the brain then registers or disregards in memory. The brain oft transmits signals back to the person which cause a physical or emotional reaction. For example, when one touches a pointy object or hits ones knee on a hard surface, one feels pain not from the pointy object or the hard surface but by the interpretation in ones mind from electrical signals inside the brain. This is what causes one to yell out in agony when these particular situations occur.The more educated one becomes, whether it is by learning through experience as one gets older and/or being educated in school, the greater ones capability to sense their surroundings is.

Agenda 21 - Earth Summit :: essays research papers

Agenda 21, also referred to as Earth Summit, is an each-inclusive plan of action that is to be completed globally, across the country and locally by organizations of the United Nations System, governments, and major environmental groups in every area in which humans impact the environment. Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration on milieu and Development, and the Statement of principles for the Sustainable Management of Forests were all adopted by more than 178 governments at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development that was held in Rio de Janeiro, brazil nut June 13-14, 1992.The Commission on Sustainable Development was created in December 1992 to ensure successful follow-up of UNCED and to monitor and report on execution of the placements at all levels. All 178 governments agreed that a special session of the United Nations General Assembly would be called in 1997 to review the progress of Agenda 21 replacesequently a 5-year introduction period. The full implementa tion of Agenda 21 was reaffirmed at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) held in Johannesburg, South Africa from high-flown 26 - September 4, 2002.Agenda 21 is not just about making improvements in nature. It also includes plans of action regarding poverty, hunger, ill health, illiteracy, as substantially as the continuing deterioration of the ecosystems. The success of Agenda 21 is contingent upon integration of environmental and developmental concerns and greater attention to them. It is also dependant upon the fulfillment of basic needs, improved living standards for all, and better protected and managed ecosystems. Only if this is accomplished can we be assured a safer, more prosperous future. No tribe can achieve this alone, however if all nations work together to construct a global partnership for sustainable development, we can achieve the goals set away in Agenda 21Agenda 21 concentrates on the urgent problems of today and also aspires to prepare the world for the challenges of the next century. It reflects a global agreement and political commitment at the highest level on development and environment teamwork. Its successful completion is first and foremost the responsibility of Governments. National strategies, plans, policies and processes are immanent in accomplishing this. International cooperation should support and supplement such national efforts. In this context, the United Nations system has a key role to play. Other international, regional and sub regional organizations are also called upon to contribute to this effort. The broadest public participation and the active involvement of the non-governmental organizations and other groups should also be encouraged.

An Analysis of Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken Essay -- Road Not Tak

An Analysis of Robert Frosts The Road not TakenIn The Road Not Taken, by Robert Frost, many questions arose about the meaning of the poem. One common interpretation of the poem about assertion of individualism, where the speaker is taking the road not travelled so that he can assert his individualism, is a nice interpretation. However, I believe that the speaker is really having a hard time making up his mind, and the poem is a conversation with himself trying to rationalize his stopping point. It seems as if both expressions might lead to great occurrences, but only one way is the right way. There are four points in the poem that stick out where the speaker is either vague and unclear or contradictory in evaluating his choices. The first is in the first stanza where it says And sorry I could not travel both(2). The second point is contradictory and between lines seven through ten particularly, where the speaker is musing over which path to take. An another(prenominal) partic ularly interesting point is in line thirteen where it says, Oh, I kept the first for other day And the final point to look at is in line sixteen where Frost writes the vague word sigh, with no further explanation as to its connotation. And sorry I could not travel both (2). This seems to be a no-brainer observation, but also one that many struggle with. The choices that are made in day-to-day lives are ones that will stick with that person forever, and many times it can be frustrating not to at least explore what the other choice could have had in store. There are limitations to being human and finite, and one of those is the inability to look in the future and know what is the best possible decision will be. It is important to look at all possible outcome... ...as a happy and reflective sigh, as if to indicate satisfaction in the decision he made. Either way could completely change the tone of the poem, depending on the meaning of the simple word sigh. To eliminate the con troversy hear, it could be important to imply of a sigh as an audible release of breath, or as a contemplative sigh, as if Frost were simply thinking of the past. Frost is a brilliant poet who allows the reader to sink into the poetry so that the reader has an opportunity to view the poetry in his or her particular way. It is interesting to note approximately of the potentially confusing or sticking points in the poem that can cause some individual reflection. This allows the reader to have their own special link to the poem, because a poem can conjure up many different thoughts in many different people. Frost was a poet who had that great ability.

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Essay -- essays research papers

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD), is the most common psychiatric disorder among children today. Its symptoms ar not necessarily obvious and start at various times. Some children give indication of having the disorder before they are born, others are not diagnosed with having it until their young years. ADHD overlaps with several other conditions, further confusing physicians and mental health originals who attempt to provide a diagnosis.     Hyperactive children, who are often misdiagnosed as "emotionally disturbed," create a lot of chaos in the home and at school. The number, severity, and types of symptoms differ from one child to the next, each of whom show a different dominion of behavior and personality. There are, however, certain similarities among ADHD children.     ADHD was described as early as 1845 by the German physician Henrich Hoffman in his classic Der Struwelpeter (Slovenly Peter), a collection of humor ous moral tales for children. The heroes were taken from his observations of children. In 1902, Dr. G. F. Still, described the behavior of a group of hyperactive children. He knew of no medical reasons for their behavior and do no mention of their educational needs or social skills. He said that part of the problem with ADHD children was "deficient training in the home." In 1923, researcher, F. G. Ebaugh, was one of the first to publish a professional paper recognizing ADHD as a long-term problem requiring cooperation and intervention by several professional disciplines.      Over the past four decades, dozens of labels surrender been used for a collection of traits that has come to be known as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Children who have some of these traits show them most of the time the types, number, and level vary within each child from moment to moment and from situation to situation.     Research studies point t o a 5 to 10% number of children who have the syndrome. Some experts believe the true number is closer to 20% of the general population. In a recent psychoanalyse of over 9000 children in the Midwest, the number of children who have been medically diagnosed as hyperactive was about 3%. The number of undiagnosed children, based on data from teachers and parents, was estimated at about... ...D children also have sleeping problems, coordination problems, are self-centered, impatient, reckless, and have extreme emotional problems.     Some indications that a child will be ADHD are, apparent hyperactivity in the womb, poor maternal health, mother under 20 years of age, first pregnancy, high blood pressure during pregnancy, maternal alcohol abuse, heavy maternal smoking, and drug abuse.     Research now indicates that hyperactive children continue to have multiple problems as adolescents, though the hyperactivity has decreased. Problems with aggre ssion, poor self-concept, impaired peer relationships, and poor school performance belong prominent. The ADHD adolescent is often sad and depressed.      Children whose obseverable symptoms continue into adolescents have higher rates of delinquency and conduct disorders and lower IQs and academic exertion scores than those whose symptoms stop at early adolescence. There are many helpful and sucessful programs for children and adolescents who have this disorder. With the right help and medication, many ADHD children can mother up to lead a normal life.

Prohibition - The Noble Experiment :: American America History

Prohibition - The Noble look intoIn 1920 congress began what was called The Noble Experiment. This experiment began with the signing of the eighteenth amendment of the constitution into legality. It was titled by society as Prohibition. Websters dictionary defines obstacle as A prohibiting, the forbidding by law of the manufacture or sale of alcoholic liquors. Prohibition can extend to mean the foreboding of any number of substances. I define it as a social injustice to the human race as we know it. Prohibition was designed to rid the country of businesses that manufactured, sold, and or distributed alcoholic beverages. The eighteenth amendment made it a violation of the constitution to do and of the before mentioned. This was a crime punishable up to the Supreme Court. The original idea was that Americans as a whole were unhealthy, in that respect was too much crime and subversion, and that people were being burdened by excess taxes that poorhouses and prisons were creating. Wh at happened? The cheap alcohol being illegally produced killed more Americans, crime and corruption went up, taxes were raised to fund the law enforcement needed to enforce prohibition, and the prisons became overcrowded. Some would have you believe that crime decreased during prohibition. Well, it did. Crime decreased, as a whole, by 37.7% during prohibition. up to now violent crime and other serious crimes were up. Theft of property was up 13.2%, homicide was up m16.1%, and robbery was up 83.3%. Minor crimes had decreased though- by 50%. Crimes such as malicious mischief, public swearing, vagrancy, etc. (Dr. Fairburn pg 75-80) The prohibition movement did have its fair share of supporters however. The most active in the movement was the Womens Christian gravity Union. They worked hard in campaigning towards this amendment and gathered, what is now believed today, as to be biased statistics. For example one area that the WCTU attacked was the saloons and in particular the sale o f distilled spirits, hard alcohol. The WCTU claimed swallow during prohibition was down 30% as opposed to pre-prohibition. However as a percentage to total alcohol sales the consumption of distilled spirits was up from 50% (pre-prohibition) to an astonishing 89% during prohibition. Most estimates place the potency of prohibition-era products at 150+ percent of the potency of products produced either before or after prohibition (qtd. In Henry Lee 202) Prohibition did not succeed at all. In order for prohibition to achieve what it was set to do it had to meet quaternity specific guidelines.

Gabriela Mistral :: essays research papers

Gabriela Mistral was an extraordinary woman. Her life was filled with tragedy but she turned her experiences into stunning poetry. Her poetry reflected many things about who Gabriela Mistral was and what had happened to her throughout her life.Gabriela Mistral was born on April 7, 1889 in Vicua, Chile. When she was only three years old, her father abandoned her family. She attended a bucolic primary school and the Vicua state secondary school. By the age of sixteen, she started to support herself and her mother by marching as a teachers aide. Gabriela Mistral is only a pen name for Lucila Godoy Alcayaga. She took the name from her two favorite poets Gabriele DAnnunzio and Frdric Mistral. She was the first Latin American to receive the Nobel Prize for literature (1945). afterwards the suicide of her lover, Romelio Ureta, she lived a life of self-described desolation. Although she wanted it, she never experienced motherhood. She did adopt a child but it later died. She taught at C olombia University, and Vassar College. In 1930, she was a see professor at Barnard College in New York City. She also became the principal of Santiago High School. Her first text was la Voz de Elqui and Diario Radical de Coquimbo in 1905. Her second work was called Desolacin. Soon after she accepted her post at Santiago, she was invited to work in Mexico on a plan to reform the libraries and the schools. She lived primarily in France and Italy during 1925 to 1934. She also worked for the partnership for Intellectual Co-operation of the League of Nations between 1922 and 1938. She was the honorary consult for Brazil, Spain, Portugal and the U.S. In 1933 she entered the Chilean Foreign Service and was appointed by the government of Chile as a sort of ambassador-at-large for the Latin American Culture. During World War two, she became friends with Stefan Zweig and his wife. Later they committed suicide in Rio de Janeiro. Also her nephew, Juan Miguel killed himself. Because of poor h ealth, she was forced to retire to her home in New York. She died on January 10, 1957, at the age of sixty-seven. She died of cancer.Like most people, Gabriela Mistral wrote poems about her life experiences or what she holds to be true. In her poem Dolor, which is from the Desolacin collection, she expresses her feelings on the death of her lover.

Gabriela Mistral :: essays research papers

Gabriela Mistral was an extraordinary woman. Her life was filled with tragedy but she turned her experiences into beautiful poetry. Her poetry reflected many things about who Gabriela Mistral was and what had happened to her throughout her life.Gabriela Mistral was innate(p) on April 7, 1889 in Vicua, Chile. When she was only three years old, her father abandoned her family. She attended a rural primary school and the Vicua state thirdhand school. By the age of sixteen, she started to support herself and her mother by working as a teachers aide. Gabriela Mistral is only a pen name for Lucila Godoy Alcayaga. She took the name from her two favorite(a) poets Gabriele DAnnunzio and Frdric Mistral. She was the first Latin American to receive the Nobel Prize for literature (1945). After the suicide of her lover, Romelio Ureta, she lived a life of self-described desolation. Although she wanted it, she never experienced motherhood. She did adopt a child but it later died. She taught at Co lombia University, and Vassar College. In 1930, she was a visiting professor at Barnard College in New York City. She likewise became the principal of Santiago High School. Her first text was la Voz de Elqui and Diario Radical de Coquimbo in 1905. Her second work was called Desolacin. Soon after she accepted her post at Santiago, she was invited to work in Mexico on a plan to reform the libraries and the schools. She lived primarily in France and Italy during 1925 to 1934. She also worked for the League for Intellectual Co-operation of the League of Nations between 1922 and 1938. She was the honorary name for Brazil, Spain, Portugal and the U.S. In 1933 she entered the Chilean Foreign Service and was appointed by the government of Chile as a sort of ambassador-at-large for the Latin American Culture. During World state of war two, she became friends with Stefan Zweig and his wife. Later they committed suicide in Rio de Janeiro. Also her nephew, Juan Miguel killed himself. Because of poor health, she was forced to retire to her home in New York. She died on January 10, 1957, at the age of sixty-seven. She died of cancer. wish most people, Gabriela Mistral wrote poems about her life experiences or what she holds to be true. In her poem Dolor, which is from the Desolacin collection, she expresses her feelings on the death of her lover.

Business Management Study Guide

Sample Test-Chapter 15Student ___________________________________________________________________________1. An organization expands its secret network to connect with customers, suppliers, and other partners. This expansion is called its A. intranet B. extranet C. private net D. website E. domain2. good confabulation begins with A. speaking. B. sense of hearing. C. the centre. D. two tribe. E. breaking through noise.3. When you want your reader to take a logical fulfill, you should lay out your ideas in writing by A. most important to least important. B. least controversial to most controversial. C. egative to positive. D. positive to negative. E. least important to most important.4. The digestulate of the meaning of haggling is called A. lexicography. B. rhetoric. C. semantics. D. morphology. E. cartology.5. Denise and Florence are public lecture on their booth remembers. After Denise reads her a phone number, Florence repeats the number back to Denise. This is an exa mple of A. feedback. B. encoding. C. rewrite. D. medium selection. E. noise.6. A manager needs to turn over virtually a routine situation with somebody she knows whose physical location is not far from her office. Generally, which of the following should the manager practice session?A. videoconferencing B. telephone C. e-mail D. face to face meeting E. newsletter7. Jason tells Giorgio his cell phone number, and Giorgio nods. Jason hence asks Giorgio to repeat back to him the phone number he just gave him. Jason is trying to avoid a(n) __________ barrier. A. encoding B. rewrite C. medium D. feedback E. receiver8. An announcement of the company-sponsored picnic travels from the employees social committee to the other employees through email. This communication is __________ and _______. A. external folksy B. horizontal informal C. straight informal D. unsloped formal E. external formal9. Which of the following is a personal barrier to communication? A. poor speaking skills B. lack of trustworthiness C. differing frames of reference D. judge others messages E. All of the above are personal barriers to communication.10. Generally, people comprehend about __________ of a typical verbal message. A. 10% B. 35% C. 50% D. 75% E. 90%11. The drawbacks of using e-mail include which of the following? A. employees can communicate when they are not at company sites B. reduces rehearse of paper C. information surcharge D. cut back costs of distributing information to employees E. increased teamwork12. The device that indicates how official communication theory should be routed is called the A. organization chart. B. organizational culture. C. organizational profile. D. grapevine. E. lateral hierarchy.13. Top executives at XYZ Company want to let demoralise level managers know that XYZ is going to be acquired by ABC, Inc. How should they communicate this? (Assume that all of the choices are possible. ) A. perpetrate a memo to all managers B. send an e-mail to all managers C. call a meeting of managers D. post a notice on all bulletin boards E. schedule a conference phone call14. The introduction to a business speech should A. lways s cabbage over at least one joke. B. consist of 20 30% of the total speaking time. C. hurt right to the point. D. contain significant details of the presentation. E. always contain an unrelated story to catch the interest of the audience.15. A female professor uses sports analogies in illustrating her lectures to a group of male students. She is tell to be A. a feminist. B. genderflexing. C. copping out. D. miscommunicating. E. ingratiating.16. XYZ Corporation communicates its revised cathexis statement to all employees. This is an example of A. external communication. B. downward communication. C. upward communication. D. orizontal communication. E. informal communication.17. Of the following, which medium is the richest? A. bulletin board B. telephone C. e-mail D. letters E. videoconferencing18. The ty pe of communication channel that develops outside the organizational structure and does not follow the scope of command is called a(n) __________ communication channel. A. vertical B. horizontal C. external D. formal E. informal19. According to the textbook, MBWA stands for A. care by wandering around. B. anxiety by walking about. C. management by wishing a lot. D. management by wandering afar. E. management by working(a) afield.20. Do you actually listen when theyre talking? This is most promising a test of which personal barrier that contributes to communication? A. tendency to judge others messages B. variable skills in communicating effectively C. inability to listen with understanding D. haywire listening skills E. stereotypes and prejudices21. Compared to women, men tend to A. give more tactful feedback. B. praise more. C. be indirect when they dont know something. D. indicate a lack of foregone conclusion about something. E. make apologies.22. Salvador speaks English as a sulphur language, and sometimes has difficulty coming up with the exact word to express an idea.Salvador is facing a(n) __________ barrier. A. encoding B. decoding C. medium D. feedback E. receiver23. Which of the following is a dont toward better nonverbal communication skills? A. maintain eye contact B. look extraneous from the verbaliser C. lean toward the speaker D. speak in a quiet, reassuring tone E. smile and show animation24. Speed rendition works well for material that is A. strange. B. easy. C. dense. D. complicated. E. All of the above.25. A study conducted by AT and Stanford University found that the extremum predictor of success and professional upward mobility was A. writing ability. B. nterpersonal skills. C. public speaking ability. D. intelligence. E. integrity.Sample Test-Chapter 15Key 1. (p. 486) An organization expands its private Internet to connect with customers, suppliers, and other partners. This expansion is called its A. intranet B. extranet C. pr ivate net D. website E. domain AACSB 3 BT Knowledge obstruction palmy Kinicki Chapter 15 106 acquisition objective lens 4 2. (p. 469) Effective communication begins with A. speaking. B. listening. C. the message. D. two people. E. breaking through noise. Effective communication begins with listening paying attention to the words being spoken.AACSB 3 BT Comprehension Difficulty weaken Kinicki Chapter 15 60Learning nonsubjective 1 3. (p. 492) When you want your reader to take a logical action, you should lay out your ideas in writing by A. most important to least important. B. least controversial to most controversial. C. negative to positive. D. positive to negative. E. least important to most important. This is a good strategy when the action you want your reader to take is logical and not highly political. AACSB 3 BT Comprehension Difficulty enclose Kinicki Chapter 15 121Learning Objective 5 4. (p. 75) The study of the meaning of words is called A. lexicography. B. rhetori c. C. semantics. D. morphology. E. cartology. AACSB 3 BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Kinicki Chapter 15 80Learning Objective 2 5. (p. 471) Denise and Florence are talking on their cell phones. After Denise reads her a phone number, Florence repeats the number back to Denise. This is an example of A. feedback. B. encoding. C. decoding. D. medium selection. E. noise. Feedback is when the receiver (Florence) expresses his or her reaction to the senders (Denise) message (the phone number). AACSB 3 BT Application Difficulty unenviable Kinicki Chapter 15 64Learning Objective 1 6. (p. 473) A manager needs to communicate about a routine situation with someone she knows whose physical location is not far from her office. Generally, which of the following should the manager use? A. videoconferencing B. telephone C. e-mail D. face-to-face meeting E. newsletter Lean media is generally beaver for routine situations. In order from high to low media richness face-to-face presence, video-conferen ces, telephone, personal written media, impersonal written media. E-mail would be the best media to use since the manager knows the person and the situation is outine. AACSB 3 BT Application Difficulty Hard Kinicki Chapter 15 71Learning Objective 1 7. (p. 475) Jason tells Giorgio his cell phone number, and Giorgio nods. Jason then asks Giorgio to repeat back to him the phone number he just gave him. Jason is trying to avoid a(n) __________ barrier. A. encoding B. decoding C. medium D. feedback E. receiver A feedback barrier is when the liquidator doesnt respond enough. Jason wants Giorgio to repeat the number to be sure he heard it correctly. AACSB 3 BT Application Difficulty Hard Kinicki Chapter 15 77Learning Objective 2 8. p. 484) An announcement of the company-sponsored picnic travels from the employees social committee to the other employees through email. This communication is __________ and _______. A. external informal B. horizontal informal C. vertical informal D. vertica l formal E. external formal Informal communication channels develop outside the formal structure and do not follow the chain of command. In this case the announcement came from the social committee and was sent to other employees internally outside the formal structure of the company. AACSB 3 BT Application Difficulty Hard Kinicki Chapter 15 99Learning Objective 3 9. (p. 477) Which of the following is a personal barrier to communication? A. poor speaking skills B. lack of trustworthiness C. differing frames of reference D. judgment others messages E. All of the above are personal barriers to communication. The choices in the question all refer to personal barriers to communication. AACSB 3 BT Communication Difficulty hold back Kinicki Chapter 15 82Learning Objective 2 10. (p. 490) Generally, people comprehend about __________ of a typical verbal message. A. 10% B. 35% C. 50% D. 75% E. 90% Generally, people comprehend only about 35% of a typical verbal message, experts say. AACSB 3 BT Comprehension Difficulty Moderate Kinicki Chapter 15 115Learning Objective 5 11. (p. 486) The drawbacks of using e-mail include which of the following? A. employees can communicate when they are not at company sites B. reduces use of paper C. information overload D. reduced costs of distributing information to employees E. increased teamwork AACSB 3 BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Kinicki Chapter 15 108Learning Objective 4 12. (p. 482) The device that indicates how official communications should be routed is called the A. rganization chart. B. organizational culture. C. organizational profile. D. grapevine. E. lateral hierarchy. The organizational chart indicates how official communicationsmemos, letters, reports, announcementsare supposed to be routed. AACSB 3 BT Comprehension Difficulty Moderate Kinicki Chapter 15 94Learning Objective 3 13. (p. 473) Top executives at XYZ Company want to let lower level managers know that XYZ is going to be acquired by ABC, Inc. How should th ey communicate this? (Assume that all of the choices are possible. ) A. send a memo to all managers B. send an e-mail to all managers C. all a meeting of managers D. post a notice on all bulletin boards E. schedule a conference phone call This is a nonroutine, unusual event that requires the richest type of communication such as a face-to-face meeting. AACSB 3 BT Application Difficulty Hard Kinicki Chapter 15 72Learning Objective 1 14. (p. 493) The introduction to a business speech should A. always contain at least one joke. B. consist of 20 30% of the total speaking time. C. get right to the point. D. contain significant details of the presentation. E. always contain an unrelated story to catch the interest of the audience. Because everything in your speech should be relevant, try to go right to the point. AACSB 3 BT Comprehension Difficulty Moderate Kinicki Chapter 15 124Learning Objective 5 15. (p. 480) A female professor uses sports analogies in illustrating her lectures to a group of male students. She is said to be A. a feminist. B. genderflexing. C. copping out. D. miscommunicating. E. ingratiating. Genderflexing refers to temporarily using communication behaviors typical of the other gender to increase the potential for influence. For example, a female manager might use sports analogies to motivate a group of males.AACSB 3 BT Comprehension Difficulty Moderate Kinicki Chapter 15 92Learning Objective 2 16. (p. 483) XYZ Corporation communicates its revised mission statement to all employees. This is an example of A. external communication. B. downward communication. C. upward communication. D. horizontal communication. E. informal communication. Downward communication flows from a higher level to a lower level. AACSB 3 BT Application Difficulty Hard Kinicki Chapter 15 97Learning Objective 3 17. (p. 473) Of the following, which medium is the richest? A. bulletin board B. telephone C. -mail D. letters E. videoconferencing In order from high to low medi a richness face-to-face presence, video-conferences, telephone, personal written media, impersonal written media. AACSB 3 BT Comprehension Difficulty Moderate Kinicki Chapter 15 69 Learning Objective 1 18. (p. 484) The type of communication channel that develops outside the organizational structure and does not follow the chain of command is called a(n) __________ communication channel. A. vertical B. horizontal C. external D. formal E. informal AACSB 3 BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Kinicki Chapter 15 100Learning Objective 3 19. (p. 484) According to the textbook, MBWA stands for A. management by wandering around. B. management by walking about. C. management by wishing a lot. D. management by wandering afar. E. management by working afield. AACSB 3 BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Kinicki Chapter 15 103Learning Objective 3 20. (p. 477) Do you actually listen when theyre talking? This is most likely a test of which personal barrier that contributes to communication? A. tendency to jud ge others messages B. variable skills in communicating effectively C. inability to listen with understandingD. faulty listening skills E. stereotypes and prejudices Faulty listening skills includes thinking about what you are going to say when the other person is talking as well as mostly talking about yourself. The test for this barrier is asking yourself, Do you actually listen when theyre talking? AACSB 3 BT Comprehension Difficulty Moderate Kinicki Chapter 15 83Learning Objective 2 21. (p. 480) Compared to women, men tend to A. give more tactful feedback. B. praise more. C. be indirect when they dont know something. D. indicate a lack of certainty about something. E. make apologies. AACSB 3 BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Kinicki Chapter 15 90Learning Objective 2 22. (p. 475) Salvador speaks English as a second language, and sometimes has difficulty coming up with the exact word to express an idea. Salvador is facing a(n) __________ barrier. A. encoding B. decoding C. medium D. feedback E. receiver An encoding barrier is when the message is not expressed correctly. If English is not your first language, then you may have difficulty expressing exactly what you mean to say. AACSB 3 BT Application Difficulty Hard Kinicki Chapter 15 76Learning Objective 2 23. (p. 80) Which of the following is a dont toward better nonverbal communication skills? A. maintain eye contact B. look away from the speaker C. lean toward the speaker D. speak in a quiet, reassuring tone E. smile and show animation AACSB 3 BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Kinicki Chapter 15 88 Learning Objective 2 24. (p. 491) Speed reading works well for material that is A. unfamiliar. B. easy. C. dense. D. complicated. E. All of the above. Psychologists have found that speed reading or skimming may work well with easy or familiar reading material, but it can lead to problems with dense or unfamiliar material. AACSB 3BT Comprehension Difficulty Moderate Kinicki Chapter 15 119Learning Objective 5 25. (p. 493) A study conducted by AT&T and Stanford University found that the top predictor of success and professional upward mobility was A. writing ability. B. interpersonal skills. C. public speaking ability. D. intelligence. E. integrity. A study conducted by AT & T and Stanford University found that the top predictor of success and professional upward mobility is how much you enjoy public speaking and how effective you are at it. AACSB 3 BT Comprehension Difficulty Moderate Kinicki Chapter 15 123 Learning Objective 5

Globalization vs. Nationalism

Nationalism vs. Globalization The debate on whether U. S. interior(prenominal) and foreign indemnity should center on nationalism or globalization has been a long standing one. Before I add my personal opinion to it, I would resembling to state the advantages and disadvantages of both options and how it woild affect our economy in the long run. Nationalism uses trade entertainionism as a basis for its concept. The main objective is to protect domestic resources by deterring foreign trade. This is accomplished through raising tariffs, quotas, and embargoes. It also raises taxes for export subsidies, import licensing, and exchange rates. Riley) Initially, people believe that keeping trade domestic benefits the standardized of living because it keeps employment high. Unfortunately, in that respect are unforeseen side effects that have damaging results to the economy. One of the biggest movers is quality control. Since competition of the goods and services offered are reduced, the re is no real motivation to produce innovative and technology advanced products. In addition, ineffective factions of business are safe from being edged come out by more competent foreign rivals. In the long run, protectionism diminishes the value of a countrys products and cripples its economy.Globalization, on the other hand, is the opposite of nationalism. It is defined as the ongoing process of integration of regional economies into a global network of communication and execution. (Lovekar) There are many advocates and protestors of globalization. Supporters state how global trade raises GDP, employment, and per capita income for citizens of maturation countries. Competition also raises the standard for good, quality products at reasonable prices ultimately benefitting the consumer. Employment, or lack thereof, is one of the hot button topics in the debate over globalization.Some believe that outsourcing manufacturing, a key part of globalization, causes a loss of jobs domes tically. Despite the steady cash flow from trade, developing countries are still growing double as slow as developed countries. The average worker is still not benefiting from globalization due to their extremely low rate of pay, an enticing factor for outsourcing. So which option is the better policy ti adapt? In my opinion, globalization would be the better option for the U. S. Since they are such a phenomenal force in the global market, enforcing nationalism policies would not only weaken the economy, it would affect other countries as well.High tariffswould spark initiation tariffs from other countries and start a trade war. The outsourcing of lower skilled jobs to low wage countries is not necessarily a bad thing. It opens up the market for high waged, high skilled jobs that understand equivalent products. The demand for these jobs raises the education level does to as many pursue degrees to fill them. So in conclusion, while it may seem ideal for the U. S. to protect its own by stymieing global trade, in the long run its beneficial to use globalization. In addition to stimulating developing countries economy, it benefits the consumer through competitive pricing.

A Farewell to Arms: a Classic Display of Literature Essay

Ernest Hemmingways A Farewell To Arms is a classic display of literature. The way he develops his characters is ingenious. In the beginning of the romance I did not wish well the way it was going. As I read deeper into the book, A Farewell To Arms I discovered the complexity of the characters themselves. I discovered that Frederic total heat was a rather complex character as well. When you are fin all(prenominal)y given the full picture of Frederic Henry, you realize that he can be described in several different ways. frontmost, Frederic Henry is a round and very dynamic character.You also realize that because Mr. Henrys mannerisms are so easily recognizable, he is a transmit character as well. The mind of perspective in the tale is written in starting signal person. The first person point of view is that of Frederic Henry. The stories underlying theme is identity. Throughout the whole myth Frederic Henry is revealing himself to the hearing and discovering himself at the same time. A secondary theme in the boloney is that Catherine, Frederics love interest, is slightly crazy. Throughout the story, I was intrigued by the things that Frederic Henry revealed to the audience.While reading the story it was as if you were right there with Frederic, going through the same things he did, and knowing every intimate detail. The aspects that Frederic Henry display are the aspects of a well actual character and a true war hero. The first aspect I would like to touch on is that Frederic Henry is a well-rounded character. As the story progresses we fit more and more about the character Frederic Henry. Though it may seem like a small point, a good modeling of how we learn more about Frederic as the story progresses is the fact that he is nameless in the first four chapters.Throughout the first four chapters, Frederic Henry is referred to as lieutenant by his peers and baby by his girlfriend. Its not until chapter five that he is referred to as Mr. Henry. Then we learn his full name, Frederic Henry, in chapter thirteen. Another example of Frederic Henry being a round character is that he is closely involved in just about every part of the story. Of course he would have to be involved in the majority of the story because its basically the confession of his life. The entire story we learn about Mr. Henry, and we watch him modernise to become a good man.Even when Frederic is not involved in the seen, he is let off involved in many aspects of the scene. As other characters speak we still learn more about Frederic Henry and his relationship with each character. The second aspect of Frederic Henry as a character that I would like to display is the fact that he is a very dynamic character. Throughout the entire story Frederic Henry grows and changes. In the beginning Frederic is part of a radical of soldiers. But as the story progresses and he and Catherine fall more into love Frederic begins to isolate he and Catherine from the group.Instea d of saying we in accordance to his group of friends he uses we to represent him and Catherine. Aside from isolating himself from his group of friends Frederic Henry changes from a rather self-centered person to a caring person. Instead of planning for his future and nourishment to fulfill his needs he begins involving Catherine in the picture as well. Not barely does he change in respect to Catherine but he changes in respect to other characters as well. Mr. Henry begins to look out for others needs, particularly in the battles he is involved with.A great example of this is when Frederic gets injured seriously he insists that the other soldiers be treated first. (Lewis, 46) There are countless other times when Frederic tries to help other soldiers, showing complete selflessness, but regrettably fails. Though he failed to excuse Catherine, he showed major change from the way he was at the beginning of the story when he did all he could to save her. As the story progresses Freder ic grows more and more familiar to the audience and his personality becomes more audience friendly.The third aspect of Frederic Henrys character is that he is a stock character. A stock character is a character that is easily identifiable by the way they behave. Frederic Henry is very easy to identify. First off he almost always speaks in the plural form. For example, when he buys himself a gun he turns to Catherine and says, now we are fully armed, as if she too is armed. (Monteiro, 71) Another characteristic that Frederic Henry has, is that he is always trying to help other people.Throughout the entire story there are examples of he and his men out on the battlefield, and Frederic approaching to someones aid. Since this behavior takes place so many times you automatically know that it is Frederic Henry who is coming to the rescue. The blusht that is most memorable is when Frederic and his men are captured and Frederic manages to help all his men escape. Upon the escape Frederic rows he and his crew for over twenty miles to safety, in Switzerland. (Gellens, 45) The point of view in A Farewell To Arms, is a first person point of view.The elicit thing is that even though its a first person point of view, its a first person point of view that is expressed in a plural sense. All threw the story Frederic Henry uses the phrase we to refer to himself and his group of friends. Another interesting thing is that later into the story Frederics usage of the word we changes from referring to his group of friends to his relationship with Catherine. The story is also a confession in a way. Its a confession because as he tells the story he admits to his shortcomings early on.Not only does he admit his shortcomings but its as if he needed to expresses his regret for the people he was not able save. (Lewis, 46) The entire story is told from Frederic Henrys perspective. You see things as they happen through his eyes only. While telling the story Frederic Henry sounds almost apologetic, and when he retells his adventures, he uses a controvert tone. The theme in the story is identity. The whole point of the story is Frederic Henry revealing himself to the audience and essentially explaining who he is. Time after time Frederic lets the audience in on intimate details.By explaining himself and his actions it is easier for the audience to identify with Frederic and put themselves in his place. By putting the audience member in his place, he forces you to insert in every adventure he goes through. A secondary theme is presented as well. The secondary theme is one that portrays Catherine. Some skeptics think that Catherines primordial theme is craziness. (Lewis, 46) throughout the storyt she is called crazy and is referred to as the crazy one. Catherine even refers to herself as being crazy.An example of when Catherine refers to herself as crazy is when she says, I havent been content for a long time, and when I met you perhaps I was a nearly crazy. She questions her sanity again when Frederic says I dont want you to get mollycoddle and crazy tonight and the Catherine replies I am Scotch and crazy. (Lewis, 102) Some interesting points about Frederic Henrys character is that he is actually the antagonist as opposed to the protagonist. (Lewis, 46) The evidence for such an argument is all throughout the story. Time after time Frederic tries to save people, but fails almost every time. such a quality brings hope into the eyes of the audience but then lets them down time and time again. Though there were several successful escapes and rescues the failures still outweighed the successes. In the beginning of the story Frederics self-centeredness is rather annoying and makes you dislike him. Self-centeredness is the quality of an antagonist. Ernest Hemmingways A Farewell To Arms was all in all a good story. It displayed the trials and tribulations of an American soldier during wartime. The character Frederic Henry is a well-rounded and dynamic character.The fact that Frederic Henry was a stock character made him easy to recognize and therefore made the story easier to follow. Though the story was told through a first person point of view Ernest Hemmingway kept the story interesting by telling it through a plural first person. The underlying theme of the story was identity. Frederic spent the whole story explaining who he was to the audience. The way Frederic told the story, he made it easy for the audience member to identify with him, therefore making it easier for the audience member to put themselves in his place.An interesting secondary theme is the theme that implies Catherine is crazy. Because of things Catherine says and does the crazy theme seems to fit her personality. Throughout the story there is plenty of evidence of all these things and these aspects made the story even better and much more fun to read. Gellens, Jay. Twentieth Century Interpretations of A Farewell To Arms. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. 1970 . Lewis, Robert. A Farewell To Arms (A War With Words). New York, 1992. Monteiro, George. Critical Essays On Ernest Hemmingways A Farewell To Arms. New York, 1994.

Example Solution Manual: exploring strategy text & cases

A delineate danger to juicylight is of long lists of forces or plays that ar too unmanageable for practical action. So the second interview challenges pupils to prize which of the forces are probably to be of roughly signifi give the axece in driving Industry change. Here students should dislodge their views In terms of the evidence from the past and the likely Impact In the future of both particular Influence. The end-chapter scale example on the European create from raw material Industry in like manner beseechs students to do a mold analysis. Illustration 2. Scenarios Scenarios attend to students look long term and very hugely here the World economic Forum and its members are touch sensationing a decade ahead, and thinking about gee- economics in general as well as just the trade in a narrow sense. The question asks about whether companies pass on to a greater extent(prenominal) influence over government policy or gee- economics. It then goes on to ask ab out how companies top executive influence government. This also obviously touches on issues of corporate social responsibility, pursued in Chapter 4.Companies probably do have more influence on policy coordination, merely the Issue Is which governments they should be talking to (the united States, China? ) and whether It Is only governments that matter (United Nations, International M geniustary Fund, World Trade government? ). They should also consider how they can best Influence governments, Individually or collectively through, for example, the World Economic Forum or the Business Roundtable, the group of Coos of guide American corporations.To some(a) extent, the power is likely to be exercised negatively through lobbying against and criticism of proposals for financial re-regulation. It is valuewhile also ask about the influence these corporations can have themselves on gee-economic shifts some Western company headquarters are shifting away from their home-countries, for e xample, the global headquarters of American civil engineering multiform Hallucination moved to Dublin and Swiss/Swedish engineering company ABA moved its global robotics business headquarters to Shanghai. Illustration 2. The Steel Industry The brace Industry provides a fairly easy-to-understand case of rapid structural change, and one led by application actors. Understanding how the star(p) companies in other words, a sense that structures are given quite a than changeable. The first question particularly invites a comparative analysis using the radar-plot introduced in Exhibit 2. 5. The radar-plot expertness look roughly like the following, with the mutinous lines indicating rough positions in around 2000 (10 years earlier than the illustration) and the dotted lines indicating positions in 2010.The comparative positions highlight the increasing power of suppliers such as the iron ore producers (negative) the high power of sophisticated buyers, somewhat mitigated by the decli ning power of the Big Three (mildly positive perhaps) and the beginning of decreased disputation (positive) as the larger steel companies such as Imitate try to consolidate the industry. It major power be said that the new entry threat has stabilised and even reduced, though continued investment by Chinese players whitethorn increase competitor especially if they turn to overseas markets.Overall, comparing the size of the dickens radar plots over time suggests only a marginal change in favor of the steel producers. With regard to the second question, the acquisition strategies have the appearance _or_ semblance control by the desire to reduce rivalry by reducing the go of players and even capacity. You might ask students what is necessary to make this work here you might highlight the importance for reduced rivalry of both simultaneous cuts in capacity investments by, for example, the Chinese and strong barriers to new entry. With Edgar to the third question, success in sup erlative barriers to entry (e. . Through technological change) and in reducing rivalry (through continued consolidation) would make the industry more attractive. Vertical integration strategies into sources of supply (e. G. Iron ore) would help too. A potential negative is significant progress with substitute materials. This depends on technological progress, hence providing a useful link among the Porter 5 Forces and PESTLE. Illustration 2. 4 Chugging in the Charity Sector The aim of this Illustration of course is to show that industry structure analysis is elevate to not-for-profits as well.Indeed, charities come out of the closet ruthlessly competitive hence the High Street chugging. The first question points to at least three of the Praetorian forces as causing problems (I) There are low barriers to entry, with constant refreshment of the industry by new charities (it) in that respect is strong buying power on the part of local authorities commissioning function (iii) in t hat location is intense rivalry because of the number of competitors and tendency towards overlap and duplication of charitable services.In addition, they face substitutes in the form of coal authorities and other agencies playing services in-house, moreover at this point the trend in that respect was in their favor. The suppliers of funds donors have some alternative charities to give to. The mergers and increasing assimilation levels (the largest are growing fastest) imply growing industry consolidation. At the moment, the industry structure might be described as highly competitive, but in that respect whitethorn be widespread advantages to it go towards a more oligopolies situation. Illustration 2. Cycles of Competition The Wisdom in strategy theory has been that competitiveness is about building up a Eng-term competitive advantage and then defending it against competitors. The idea industry will work its way out over time. It also highlights the potentially ruinous natu re of ambition (at least from the point of view of industry players) and the value of trying to avoid it. Indeed, a key point is that these competitive cycles are not inevitable. Signaling to competitors, and interpreting the signals of others competitive moves, can help avoid head-on competition.Retaliation (Section 2. 3 under barriers to entry) is a key principle here, as are the organic principle of game theory (Chapter 3). With regard to question 1, Francesco might have slowed d own or rebuffed entirely Deceptivenesss invasion of the French market by retaliating hard against its sign move even though the youth receding was not so important to Francesco, a determined response there would have signaled the likelihood that attack the core French market would be so fiercely opposed that it might not be worth Deceptivenesss while even to try.With regard to question 2, Francesco would have been hard-pressed to avoid escalating competition in the business market. However, one poss ibility might have been for Francesco to focus on a particular selected niche (say the small firms segment). By signaling clearly through advertising or similar that this niche was the extent of their ambitions, Francesco might have further Descriptive to revolve about on its best opportunities, leaving the French get on with their medical specialist in peace.Illustration 2. 6 Key Debate How Much Does Industry Matter? This argue addresses an enduring source of controversy in strategy research, and allows students to review the importance of the contents of Chapter 2 (particularly the quin forces), at the same time as introducing the more internally foc utilise issues of Chapter 3 that follows. For Porter, industry matters a lot. The aseptic might argue he would say that, wouldnt he?After all, this is exactly what his training in industrial economics and the standard products of his consulting firm would favor. However, the important thing here is to recognize the extent of the research he (and collaborators such as Anita McGowan) get around upon to make their case. It is worth pointing out to students that strategy theories are more than Just theories there is solid empirical research involved too. When meeting a new theory, students should et used to asking where is the research evidence?What the research seems to suggest is that an industry is not the be-all and end-all, but that choosing an attractive industry is a very good starting point in strategy industry accounts for about two-fifths of the explained variance in the Porter and McGowan study (leaving aside control variables etc. ). Turning to the precise question, the kinds of industries that influence members profitabilitys more than others seem generally to be service industries (explaining the greater industry effects in the Porter and McGowan study than in Runlets).But to go on from here, industry influences are most likely to be strongest in highly competitive and mature industries. In such industries, sources of firm-specific variousiation are likely to be few, easily imitated and easily postulated away, so making it hard to earn preceding(prenominal)-normal profits. At the same time, standard recipes for competing would have been established, so only the incompetent would perform substantially below the norm (and competition should have eliminated most such incompetents by the industry maturity stage).These conditions would probably prevail in service industries such as hotels, restaurants and retail. Newer industries commodity competitors and suppliers, so allowing durable variability in profitability. Video Questions Hoicks Hoicks is a specialist insurer in the Lloyd of London insurance market. The company specializes in niche areas such as station and casualty insurance for high net worth individuals and companies, as well as cover against such risks as hacking, kidnapping and satellite damage. The video case is quite complicated, so best viewed after a thoro ugh working through of the chapter material. . The industry is facing more buyer power, with the rise of online price simile sites. On the other hand, there is a process of consolidation with the rise of consolidators (companies such as Resolution), who are acquiring weaker companies in order to build position. This is likely in the long term to reduce rivalry. Major failures such as that of the American giant Alga (American Investment Group) are likely to reduce rivalry too. It is clear that general recessionary pressures are also influencing the market at the time of the video, reducing demand and likely to make it more price-sensitive. . Hoicks has a specialist position, aside from companies like Alga or the general insurers that Resolution is trying to buy, and its power in its niche is reinforced by its brand (well known in the United Kingdom). It also has the advantage of having both an underwriting (issue of insurance policies) and investment business, which mean that Hoicks is protected from short-term cycles or crises in one part of the business, probably aid to buffer it from price competition in the short term too. Assignment 2. PESTLE Analysts PESTLE analysis is a useful starting point for environmental analysis. Illustration 2. 1 provides a model. A blank of the basic template of illustration 2. 1 can be provided to dents who can then be asked to do it for the forces at work in a particular industry. The danger is that long lists of forces or influences can be generated by this device. So the second question challenges students to assess which of the forces are likely to be of most significance in driving industry change.Here students should justify their views in terms of the evidence from the past and the likely doctor in the future of any particular influence. See the discussion of the PESTLE for the end- chapter case on the European brewing industry for an example. Assignment 2. 2 structure Scenarios Assignment 2. Requires students to foc us on change in industry characteristics and competitive forces through the construction of scenarios. Guidelines for the construction of scenarios are given in Section 2. 2. 2 it is recommended that students follow these, building either two or four scenarios for a given industry.The work done in Assignment 2. 1 should provide the bases of identifying the key industry forces or influences which will enable them to do this. Some of the problems of scenario building should be emphasized to students Students may try to build in too many factors and, therefore, not be able to limit the number of scenarios. They may find difficulty in generating scenarios with a coherent and compatible set of factors. Some may be wary of having to exercise Judgment and others will confuse Judgment with hunch.Try to encourage a realistic debate that tests out assumptions and students to build scenarios for an industry for which there is a company case (or for their own industry/company if possible) and t hen to assess the companys strategic position in the light of the different scenarios (e. G. See the notes above on the brewing industry). One of the issues that might surface is the ease or difficulty with which scenarios can be constructed. It usually emerges that scenarios are much easier to construct where the number of key forces at work in an industry is relatively few.They are less easy to construct if the number of important forces is high because the number of variables the student is trying to handle becomes too great. This, in turn, raises another issue. Scenarios are of particular use in uncertain environments as a means of helping managers to think through possible futures. However, uncertainty may arise for a number of reasons. If uncertainty arises because of the unpredictability of a few forces, then arguably scenarios may be very lawful, but what if uncertainty arises primarily because there are a large number of forces at work to what extent are scenarios of use in such circumstances?There are a limited number of very important forces at work in the brewing industry but what of fast-moving hi-tech industries where there are many different forces at work? Assignment 2. 3 Five Competitive Forces Five forces analysis is an absolutely fundamental technique in strategy. Section 2. 3 should give students the ability to carry out a basic five forces analysis of any industry. They should be encouraged to consider all of the elements of each of the vive forces so for example, under barriers to entry, scale and experience effects, channels, retaliation and so on.The radar-plot technique of Exhibit 2. 5 should only be used as a summary once the full analysis is complete the danger is of it being used to short-circuit the analysis. Students should be expected to do more than simply list elements they should clearly identify the implications (positive or negative) of each. The second question about conclusions for industry attractiveness should underline the importance of drawing out implications, rather than Just listing. Assignment 2. 4 Comparisons between Industries and Over Time This subsidization allows students to build on Assignment 2. In order to consider the investment implications of differences between industries and change over time. The assignment is a substantial one if relying on students own research. However, time can be saved if two case studies are used (e. G. Brewing, pharmaceuticals or hi-if, perhaps looking backwards at change over the past three to five years, rather than change in the future). Similarly, students may save time by using the radar-plot technique (Exhibit 2. 5), as in the discussion of Illustration 2. 3. It is important to note the two follow-up questions.Explicitly asking for acknowledgment helps students avoid the superficial analysis which is easy to do with five forces. Asking the question about investment helps students think about concrete implications, again something that five forces a nalyses often neglect. By looking over time, students will learn to be cautious about investing in industries with declining attractiveness. By comparing industries, students can also consider industry attractiveness in their diversification decisions, an issue picked up in Chapter 7.At the same time, it is worth countering attractive are likely to have high barriers to entry, so the costs of entry may outweigh the benefits of entering. An industry that is becoming relatively unattractive may be neglected by competitors, and, if you enjoy a strong competitive advantage in that industry, it may still be a source of profit to you. Assignment 2. 5 Strategic Groups This assignment builds on the notion of strategic groups and strategic space outlined in Section 2. 4. 1 in the text. Figure 2. 8 provides an example of how the exercise could be carried out.This could, for example, be applied to the European brewing industry Key strategic dimensions might come under either of the scope or re source commitment characteristics in Section 2. 4. 1 for example, product range or extent of vertical integration. Possible key strategic dimensions in the European brewing industry might include geographical coverage, strength of brands, diversification, size of firm, type of distribution, and so on. Students are encouraged to draw more than one strategic group map if they believe that more than two dimensions are important.It is useful to ask them to consider the extent to which different bases of such maps give rise to similar or different configurations. They might find, for example, that however the maps are drawn up, some companies always tend to end up in the same groups. In other words, some companies may have a very similar set of strategic characteristics along many dimensions. Students are asked to examine the strategic group maps to see if there are any under-populated White spaces in the industry.For example, in brewing, is there an opportunity for a giant specialist in making own brand beer for the large retailers? However, students should assess carefully why there are few competitors in any such white spaces. White spaces can often turn out to be dangerous dismal holes rather than attractive opportunities. Assignment 2. 6 Critical Success Factors and the Strategy Canvas It is very likely that students will concentrate on success factors that are salient to them as consumers for example, the product ranges of a clothing retailer.Less visible elements, such as ownership by a diversified parent company, may be neglected. However, for a short assignment, this need not matter too much the essence is comparison in order to identify areas of (potential) competitive advantage. The key sharpness of a strategy canvas is to encourage competitors to compete where it s relatively easy to secure a significant advantage (Blue Ocean), and not necessarily to compete fiercely over the top-rated success factors if advantage can only be obtained at very consi derable cost (Red Ocean).You can introduce less visible, but strategically significant elements after they have done their basic analysis. Integrative Assignment Full Analysis of an Industry or a Sector This assignment would be a demanding research project over a significant part of the course. It is however a very good test of students ability to give way tools to real data appropriately, as well as developing their research skills. Students will see it as practical and, if allowed a choice of sectors, relevant to their own interests. Good research resources are essential.As well as free web-based resources such as company reports, trade association statistics and some government or supra- entranceway resources such as the business press and Journals available through Businessperson Premier, Fictive or Prosiest, and reports from organizations such as Remuneration, Key Notes and Minute. Your institutions librarian will intimate you on what is available to students and how profici ent they are likely to be in using such resources. You would also want to guide students on which industries or sectors to choose.Very broad industries for example, the world airline industry are likely to overwhelm students with data. It might be helpful to encourage focus for example, the airline industry in India, or similar. Industry focus also reduces the risk of plagiarism. There are many student assignments of a similar nature available for a fee on the web, and it would definitely be wise to avoid allowing students to research the same industries in successive years. Requiring a specific focus on particular homes (e. G. Internationalization) or some less common concepts (e. . The strategy canvas, cycles of competition etc. ) can also reduce plagiarism. Insisting on precisely citing sources for key data and points (through an end-note system or similar) makes simple plagiarism harder too, as well as being good practice. If allowed, students will find very helpful a couple of example assignments from previous(prenominal) years to guide them roughly on what they are supposed to do. A report length limit of around 2000-2500 words would encourage students to focus on what is really important.Requiring an executive summary would also force students to consider what is really important and what are the key implications. Over a two semester course, this assignment could be stage one of a two-part assessment regime the second semester could have as an assignment asking students to consider implications of the first part for the strategy of a particular company in the original industry or sector. Case Example The European Brewing Industry This case focuses on the key techniques of PESTLE and five forces analysis that are central to this chapter.Full cases such as the pharmaceutical industry can be used evolve students skills in seeing trends in industry data and drawing conclusions as to the likely impact of those trends on particular companies in an industr y. PESTLE Here it would be helpful to ask the students to draw on wider knowledge or research (you may have beer drinkers from many countries in your class). Depending on how extensive students additional research and thinking are, a wide-range of issues may be raised. To highlight some for the purposes of illustration Political government campaigns against drink driving Economic the rise of the Asian economiesSocial rise of beer consumption in Confederate Europe Technological few clear in the case, but innovations around products such as ice- cold lager might be raised environmental few clear in the case, but packaging issues are likely to be important Legal few clear in the case, but changes in licensing laws and permitted alcohol limits for driving are relevant. Pestles can often seem somewhat inconclusive, so it is important to pull out key issues and conclusions. The increasing hostility to drunkenness (under P and L) and the rise of Asian economies and southern Europe (under E & S) seem particularly important trends.One way of drawing some simple conclusions is to assess the overall balance (positive or negative) under each of the PESTLE headings in the case of the European brewing There has traditionally been a wide variation of industry structures across Europe. The United Kingdom is fairly competitive. Denmark, Holland, Italy, Belgium and France, on the other hand, have been in near monopoly situations. However, with increasing exports and imports and cross-border acquisitions, national markets are becoming less protected. An raise issue, then, is at what level to conduct industry structure analysis.If at a European level, the broad issues to consider under each of the five forces are as follows Buyers With more than one fifth of beer sold through supermarkets, and increasing resort to own-label, these buyers are increasingly powerful (underline that buyers are not the ultimate consumers). Suppliers The high tightness of the packagers suggests tha t these are becoming increasingly powerful. Substitutes Wine is clearly a dangerous substitute. New entrants Internationalization through M and increased trade is introducing new entrants into antecedently protected markets most countries see increasing imports (Table 2).Enhances-Busch and Gabrielle are two obvious new entrants into Europe. Students might be alerted to the potential threat of Toasting and the other Chinese brewers. Although not prominent in the case, there is still the potential of small new brewers entering using micro-breweries or contract brewers (e. G. Cobra). Rivalry falling demand, transnational entrants and over-capacity obviously increase the scope for rivalry. However, note that sales values are rising, that innovation and branding can mitigate price-competition, that there has been a history of price-fixing cartels, and that leading players are attempting consolidation through M.It might be useful to ask the students to compare industry concentration rati os in 2000 and 2009 that is, the share accounted for the top three or five players (Table 3). As ever, it is important to draw conclusions. On balance, the European brewing industry does not seem attractive, and unlikely to become more so until the present-day(prenominal) round of consolidation is completed and brewers achieve greater leverage against their buyers and suppliers. Impact on Particular Brewing Companies The three companies are chosen to represent different types of player. A-B Ellen is the largest player, after a succession of spectacular mergers.It is remarkable how the company is withdrawing from fast-growing China and Eastern Europe, however. Greene King is tiny in comparison to A-B Ellen, with Just one key domestic market, the United Kingdom. However, domestic focus and its own pubs may be giving it a strongly defended local position. You might ask whether there are competitors who might be tempted to buy such a company. Tossing Tao is the wild-card here. It is st rong in its booming home market, but it is also interested in moving overseas. But would it make Europe a priority region for expansion, or choose another market?

Parts of a Newspaper Essay

A .Headline- the words are printed in a large character reference across the top or a news paper oblige to catch the readers attention B. Dateline- the words at the beginning of a news article that tell when and where the story was written. C. News article- in a news paper, a story about an event that has just taken place. D. deliver Article a detailed report on a person, an issue, or an event. E. Editor one of the people who run a newspaperF. Editorial an article in which the Editors slacken off their opinion on an important issue. G. International tells you about the news across the continents. H. Business tells you the things that are happening business-wise. (media and advertising, world business, economy, stock markets, correlative funds, etc. I. Technology contains things that are going in and out of style in the technology world. J. Science contains things that are happening in medical world. (e.g. out space, environment, etc.) K. Health talks about modern day hu man health and health problems. I. Sports talks about games. (ball games, Olympic games, SEA games, etc.) M. Education contains the trend n the world of education. (students Achievement, schools, etc.) N. Weather contains the weather for the dayO. Obituaries contains people who passed away and their death should be mentioned to the community. P. Classified Ads contains open jobs and job description plus job requirements. former(a) parts include Cover Page Story, Table of Contents, Editors Pool, Entertainment, etc. Commentary is a series of giving explanations and interpretationsGuidelines in Writing a Commentary in that respect is no recipe for doing commentaries. The elements that make up a successful input tend to vary and go out depend on the nature of the text and on particular approaches to it. Nor is there a single right answer to any passage for commentary. A good commentary may well consist of a number of pertinent questions raised by the passage. However, certain ten dencies should be avoided 1. A commentary should not be prcis of the passage. Summary and description are not commentary. 2. A commentary should not dwell on the context of the passage and should in popular avoid venturing into other parts of the work from which the extract is taken. IT should alike avoid excursions into the wider oeuvre of the author 3. It is not necessary to write out quotations from the passage this can waste valuable time. The following points should be considered1. A commentary benefits by paying close attention to the use of language. 2. 2. IT is important to pay attention to the means of representation and to address not only the quest of WHAT is verbalise but of HOW it is said. 3. There is no need to ascribe to the text a definitive meaning or structure. It is fine to problematize the text.Critique is a method of check systematic analysis of a written or oral discourse. Critique is commonly understood as fault finding and negative judgement, but I can al so involve merit recognition, and in the philosophical tradition. It also means a methodical practice of doubt. The contemporary sense of critique has been for the most part influenced by the enlightenment critique of prejudice and authority, which championed the emancipation and autonomy from religion and political authorities. Critique is an accepted format of written or oral debate.Stating a Purpose* It is important to state your purpose clearly at the beginning of your talk. Here are some ways to do this **talk about to address about a result pillow slip Id like to talk about our plans for the new site. * *report on to tell you about what has been dine.* Example Ill be reporting on the progress we have made since last meeting. * *take a look at examine* Example First, lets take a loo at what we have achieved so far. * *tell you about to give someone selective information or instruction.* Example Our reporters will tell you about what is happening in Visayas. * *show to explain something by doing* Example The object of the orientation is to show you how to put the theory into practice. * Outline to give the main facts or information* Example Give me an outline of the new policy.* *Fill you in on to give extra or missing information * Example I will fill you in on the details you just missed during the meeting. * *Give an overview of to give a short description with general information but with no details. * *highlight draw attention to or emphasize important facts. * *discuss to talk about ideas or opinions on subject in more detail

Twilight vs Trueblood

The point of this essay is to show the many similarities and differences of declension and True Blood. Vampires, how many different stories take you heard ab come on these creatures. Do movies and Television shows differentiate on these creatures? In this essay I give be discuss only(prenominal) two of these vampires, Edward Cullen and Bill Compton. While they ar both vampires and sh are some similarities, most of the story line of these two stories is completely different. From a gentle inebriety vampire who has bottles of True Blood, to a vegan vampire who only consumes animal blood.Then I will discuss the way that both of the characters, as vampires, die. Finally I will bring up some common myths that these two charters have proven incorrect. This will prove that no two stories about vampires are exactly the same. ar you aware of the many similarities and differences of Twilight and True Blood? What sets them obscure? Are they alike? If so what do these two have in commo n? In this essay we will look at the differences of these two vampire movies and what the two have in common and discover what it is that makes these two things different.And what do these two have in common Note This essay will explore the movie film and television versions of these two stories that are based on books by Stephanie Meyer and Charmaine Harris. there could be differences between the written material and their screen adaptations. Twilight is based on a vampire named Edward Cullen that tries to keep from despatching or confuseing from universe and ends up falling in love with a girl called Bella Swan at the high school where he is trying to pass himself off as a teenager.There are three main things that set Edward and his family apart from other vampires. These make the vampires of these stories different. The three things are that he has a coven that stays awake during the day, he is fine with sunlight exposure, and did I mention that he is a vegan. Edward Cullen i s in a coven also called the tribunal. This is what governs the decisions for Edward and his family of vampires. The coven can control the rules over all the vampire including Edward and his family.Some of those rules are thats enforced are no problems with the exposure to direct sunlight, no biting or drinking of any kind of humans and only kill the animals you eat once a month. Edward and his family differ also because of the different powers that they all possess. Edward has the power to read peoples minds, his sister Alice can see the time to come and jasper can control emotions. These are only three of the family members there are nine in his family. When Edward or any of his family members are exposed to the sun, they do non react the same way as other stories portray.Most of the time a vampire will burst in to gigantic flames killing themselves in a slow painful death. These vampires however do something else instead. When Edward or a family member goes out in the sunlight, they do not immediately burst in to flames, their peel off is different. The skin of Edward or his family members instead looks like it is made out of thousands of diamonds. Edward and his family do not drink from humans, making them vegans. Instead they drink from the blood of animals such as cougars, bears, and deers.Edward and his family do not want to kill this is what sets them apart from other vampires in this story. In the story vegans are considered traitors to the other vampires. The reason for why Edward and his family are vegans, is because he and his family have made a peace treaty with the werewolves who live on the same land. True Blood is based on vampires who have came out of the closet and gone public with society and now live amongst us known. Because of the public knowledge of their existence, they were able to manufacture True Blood, a diet concomitant of blood in bottles.This could be purchased at any store or bars across the US. While true blood is acceptable , vampires truly like human blood still. This essay is about one of the vampires in general, Bill Compton. He is one of the main characters in the first and second season. He too had a government, but it was much more(prenominal) royal than that of Edwards. A king and queen of the vampires had a chain of command with sheriff that had borders of land to maintain. He also differed from Edward in the fortunes of death, as they are more common to most vampire stories.He unlike Edward and his family drank or at the very least tried to drink the True Blood. He does not like the notion of killing so instead drinks true blood. This is a synthetic blood, which is a form of blood thats porous was to be a replacement for the blood of humans. Bill is on this diet of this fake blood. The True Blood universe unlike that of twilight is much more diverse as there are vampires, witches, shape shifters, werewolves, were panthers and even fairies, and other magical beings that live in this world. In Twilight, theres only werewolves and vampires.Like most of the stories you hear about vampires there is risk in his death if bill goes out into the sun he will burn. Another thing that is different from the vampires in twilight is that they can be vitiated by silver this is something new as this is normally found in the stories that tell of werewolf lore and not that of vampire. So in conclusion to this these are the similarities and differences of Twilight and True Blood. True Blood is the in a way the adult version of Twilight there is a lot more things in true blood that are meant for a more mature audience then twilight.Theres a lot of violence and sex in True Blood. Twilight is pretty chaste and tame with the sensuality, but there is plenty of violence, though not as gory as that one might find in True Blood. True Blood tends to go more to the horror side Twilight goes more to the fantasy side. The True Blood universe is much more diverse. Theres vampires, witches, shape shif ters, werewolves, were panthers and even fairies. As far as charters go one of True Bloods best characters is Lafayette. He is a classic, sassy brave male that died in the book. ow that you can tell them apart you can now go and compare these to other different vampire horror movies and see what sets these apart from others of our time. There are two main vampires Edward Cullen and Bill Compton. These two vampires have many differences a as they do have some similarities. They both drink blood but have different lifestyle choses. They both can die, however in different ways. As always there will be myths and urban legends about vampires. From feeding habits and sleeping habits theses are only some of the many myths that are out there that I have chosen to carry through about.

Dove Marketing Analysis Essay

hypothesize you have oversight of the peacenik Campaign for actual Beauty. Are you comfortable with what is going on? Is this a punctuate that is out of control with its promotional messages? peacenik released its first denote on 1957, in which dive called its product as cleaning cream alternatively of soap. After that, come down launched some advertise to express on its functional feature. In 2000, Dove became a Masterbrand of Unilever. In former(a) words, it had to establish a significance for Dove that could apply to and extend over the entire stable of products.In order to stand for a point of view, The Campaign for Real Beauty began to process. Then die hard focus on the self-esteem and effrontery instead of appearances, it save could be include into female field. Just from external to inner, So Dove is non out of control with its promotional message. In my opinion, I am comfortable with Doves campaign due to the following reasons. First, Dove more concerned app roximately womens feeling and inner spirit. When the announce plays too many shots on the strike of girls, sometimes, the values and aesthetic of the society get out be influence.Women and stripling girls would pay more money and time to fit their body. Therefore, Doves advertising give not add this misleading. Second, Dove choose YouTube and Blog as the major platform, it is a wise and trendy choice. net profit plays more and more important role in the modern life, especially the raise of the affable networking. In the future, Dove has more opportunities to attract public and ahead of other companies. Third, Dove always guarantees the quality of ads. Their advertising is not a simple product promotion, but some interesting story and conversation. The products of Dove til now do not need to be photographed.The consumers will remember such high-quality ad and are unforced to share with others. Moreover, Doves Real Beauty campaign built a buzz and was wide exposed. People act ively discussed the campaign through Internet and TV shows, even so famous celebrities like Oprah Winfrey and Jay Leno talked about it in their TV shows. Though there were many parodies in the Internet, they were funny and generated more tutelages on the brand. digest but not least, the campaign was contributed to the brands business growth and values. In 2006, Landor Associates identified Dove was one of the 10 brands with the greatest ercentage gain in brand health and business values. 2. Is Doves attempt to engender social engagement through its promotional campaigns too risky an endeavor precondition its lack of control over consumer parody and accusations of exhausting to sell under the pretense of contributing to the social good? In the business, e precise decision faced the profit and risk. Generally, the great the risks result in the greater rewards. The risks are as follow Through the investigation, Dove found out that many women had discontent with the young, blanch ed blonde and thin models, because they could not attain that standard.Dove started the advertisement Campaign for Real Beauty, underlining their products will feel better, while other company always publicize look beautiful in the commercial. The risk is that whether or not the consumers understand and accept that change. On next stage, Dove was a very controversial event. Billboards were erected to vote on whether a woman on the billboard was outsized or dandy. A counter showed the result. As a beauty brand, this campaign will attract public attention simultaneously will challenge the brand cognitive.Whats more, Dove broke the traditional rule in the company and go forward without paid media at all. YouTube become the most important platform instead of television. When Dove made this decision, the risk is that maybe they will lose some traditional and classical consumers. go about the negative responses, Dove did not ignore them, but positive embrace them. The company list twai n view in other medias and allow public to discuss these. They also sent interactive packages to media outlets to assist spur the debate. Finally, Unilever established the global Dove Self-Esteem Fund to raise the self-esteem of girls and young women.such(prenominal) activities give a support to the Real Beauty. Doves public relations point dodging was to generate broad ken for The Campaign for Real Beauty and establish an emotional fraternity with women. Therefore, a political figure or a major news transcription or even a film is not as influence as an open dialogue. 3. After reviewing the blogs, what do the confused discussions contribute to the meaning of the brand? There are mainly two opinions exists among the blogs. The supporters considered Doves Real Beauty campaign was an emotional touch from Dove to consumer.They thought the campaign has shed light on some important truths about the medias unrealistic portrayals of women, and its important and necessary to send a h ealth beauty message to the society. However, the criticisms thought that Dove is hypocritical and the campaign is just aimed to sell more products and gain more profits. The reason they thought Dove is hypocritical is because Dove comes from Unilever, which promotion young, thin and toothsome woman in the Axes advertisements. They also criticized Doves advertisements had many untruthful detail and inconsistent.Whats more, they thought the campaign has no major aspirational values attached to the product and was undermining the aspiration of consumers. regardless of these different opinions towards the Real Beauty campaign, Doves brand name has successfully gone viral and drew a lot of attentions worldwide. People were spreading quickly the message of Real Beauty and they still continuously discuss it nowadays. This kind of exposure has extraordinary impact of Doves brand awareness and popularity. Therefore, it contributed to the brands long value and equity.Though there were ma ny parodies exits in the Internet, for ordinary consumers, they superpower just remember how funny and interesting the parodies were, as well as the appealing real beauty messages that Dove tried to spread. It was a risk strategy for Dove, but as long as Dove manages its public relations and other advertisements carefully, consumers would still like Doves affordable good-quality products. The increasing sales growth of Dove could be a strong argument for it. Moreover, I think Dove was trying to be an inspirational brand to inspire positive self image among women.It successfully differentiated itself to other competitors. The Dove Self-Esteem Fund program was a plus to win over customers hearts. 4. Describe Doves brand care organization and the reason for it. Do you see any problems or issues that will result with this split-responsibility setup? In 2000, Dove was selected to be a Masterbrand and lent its name to Unilever entries in face-to-face care categories. There are two spl it-responsibility groups in Doves brand management organization Brand Development and Brand Building.Brand Development group charged with development of the brand, took responsibility for ontogeny the idea behind the brand, developed the brand plan. It was accountable for medium-to long market share, for brand health, for measures of innovativeness, and for creating value in the category. It was centralized and global in scope. The other group Brand Building charged with building the brand in specific markets and was decentralized according to the major geographic regions in which Unilever operated. It was accountable for growth, profit, cash flow, and short market share. It managed public relations and informal communication.The pros of this split-responsibly setup brand management system are that the advertising messages could be more tailored to different markets. However, the problem might result with this split-responsibly system is the inconsistent management of the brand i mage. Its a challenge for the two groups to balance between short-term values and long-term values for the brand. For example, the Brand Building group might develop an aggressive public relations strategy to generate attention in order to gain short-term market share, which might not be a smart move to build the brands long-term value and gain long-term market share.

The Rich Brother by Tobias Wolff

February10, 2010 Learning can be accomplished By Writing What is advanced indite and how might we identify or create it? You may bespeak. intelligent writing is a be direct analysis of ones ideas. It is organized and grammatically correct. Its non only clear, but matter to and also keeps the reader entertained, or if needs be to in normal them. To expound, according to our discussion Good writing is an organized analysis with a clear purpose or point that works to create understanding. It is through by using the rules of language to analyze or make an analysis of that point.Analysis is a form of literacy criticism in which the structure of a piece of writing is made clear. To deliberate in details, to analyze, is to ask what something means. It is to ask how something does what it does, or why it is what it is. Analysis is put ond in everyday life, at school, work and play. Good writing is created when one develops a master(prenominal) thesis or purpose. A thesis is the wri ter main point or gist that he wants to get actress to the reader. After, the thesis, questions are asked. Which by doing do analysis takes attitude?Then recent and over-the-hill tuition is entwined together o form the body of the melodic theme or article. Do not forget that it must be grammatically correct and have a conclusion. A conclusion is basically a condensed version of the entire paper. By writing, whether it is good or bad, learning takes place. To create good writing, one must have a thesis or by gaining the main idea, accordingly analyzing it by asking questions. For savants in a writing class, though, the creative juices typically flow better when immersed in a more energetic setting.Discussions take and interaction between teacher and student is seen. Communication takes place, where the student is no longer afraid to ask questions. And if, they do ask questions it is not how long should the paper be? As stated by Wesch My classroom looks less and less like a c lassroom and program line is less and less like teaching. (5)-Michael Wesch. This process therefore allows students to ask questions. Do not further ask questions but good questions. Questions are important to better ones learning because they open the gateway to our opinion that has been closed or left dormant.To expound questions are the act of asking to gather new information to build on old knowledge. According to Wesch, We are all cut out for learning. It is what makes us human. Wesch puts it abruptly that Good questions are the driving force of critical and creative thinking, and therefore one of the best indicators of crucial learning. Good questions are those that force challenge their own underlying biases. (5)-Michael Wesch. When a question is asked an answer is not really necessary. Wesch states that Oftentimes the answer to a good question is irrelevant the question is an insight in itself.The only answer to the best question is another good question. (5)-Michael W esch. However, by asking questions one, gains new insight to add to the old knowledge as well as see the views of others. The students then will gather all the new information as well as their prior knowledge and use the rules of language to organize their thoughts according to the teachers rubrics. After which the paper is then developed. When the first drawing off of a paper is complete, a peer review is done. A peer review, evaluate professionally a colleagues work.This is to see any mistake the students may have done or any information that have been left out. Finally, seeing that all corrections are made, the prompt is answered and the rubric is followed, a final paper is accomplished. In conclusion in a writing class, learning can be achieved. By creating, communicating between teacher and students. Learning takes place not only by writing of course but, by creating contextual conversations, by asking questions, in order to gain new information to add to old knowledge as well as understanding the information found.