Monday, September 30, 2019

Five Types of Organization Structures

Every organization, to be effective, must have a structure. An organization structure is the setup that determines the hierarchy and reporting structure in an organization. It is often represented by a drawing known as an organizational chart. There are different types of organizational structures that companies follow, depending on a variety of factors like leadership style, type of organization, geographical regions, work flow and hierarchy. Organizations may choose from a number of common operating structures. One popular structure is the functional organization, where the company is divided into separate units based on role, such as accounting, marketing, research and development or distribution. The functional structure offers a number of potential advantages as well as disadvantages. An advantage of a functional organizational structure is that it offers a high level of specialization. Each unit operates as a type of self-contained mini-company, charged with carrying out its specific role. A worker who is an expert in his functional area can perform tasks with a high level of speed and efficiency, which enhances productivity. While specialized units within the functional structure often perform with a high level of efficiency, they may have difficulty working well with other units. Another potential disadvantage of the functional organization structure is that it can pose a challenge for top management to maintain control as the organization expands. If the company expands into new geographic areas, maintaining control of and managing the separate functions can be even more of a challenge. Kenexa, an IBM Company, provides employment and retention solutions to assist organizations in hiring and keeping workers. Kenexa is a SAAS, software as a service company, and utilizes a functional structure. Market structure is used to group employees on the basis of the specific market the company sells in. A company could have five different markets they use and according to this structure, each would be a separate division. Some merits of this structure are that employees can communicate with customers in the local language and they are available for the customers, if need is felt. Demerits include intense competition among the employees; decision-making can cause conflicts and difficulty to determining the productivity and efficiency of employees. Product-based structures allow companies to remain flexible in the business environment. This allows the company to add or remove structure sections as necessary. However, it can prohibit companies from achieving company-wide goals since each unit operates on its own. A successful company that uses a Market organizational structure as well as a Product-based structure is Microsoft. Farber, 2013) One advantage of a Matrix structure is better coordination and control: – this structure is very much suitable to coordinate and control the functional activities and project activities. Most importantly, employees from various functional areas work under the spirit of team and make the project successful. Team effort is made. On the other hand, Matrix organizational structure involves huge overhead cost, has problems of overspecialization and is difficult to balance. GE is an example of a company that uses the matrix structure approach. In a geographic structure, large organizations have offices at different places, for example, there could be a north zone, south zone, west zone and east zone. Advantages are better communication among the employees at the same location and locals are familiar with the local business environment and can cater to geographical and cultural differences. A successful company with this structure is Ports America, headquartered in the NE with operations throughout both coasts and segmented regionally. References: Farber, D. (2013, July 12). Steve Ballmer remakes Microsoft one more time. Retrieved from http://news.cnet.com/8301-10805_3-57593289-75/steve-ballmer-remakes-microsoft-one-more-time/?part=rss&tag=feed&subj= (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.kenexa.com/ (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.portsamerica.com/about.html http://www.ge.com/pdf/company/ge_organization_chart.pdf Hill, C. (n.d.). Strategic management theory.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Negative Effect of Video Games on Children Essay

The Negtive Effects of Video Gaming on Children Children don’t have to buy an expensive gaming system to play video games anymore, than can simply log onto the internet through their home computer or their handheld devices and they have an array of videogames to choose from. Every time a child pops a role playing videogame into their gaming console or logs onto the internet to play so called interactive video games, they enter a virtual world where there are no real consequences for their actions. While playing violent video games children can choose to play the violent roles of either car thieves or killers. The more time a child spends playing video games the less time they spend engaged in normal social activities with their friends. When a child is allowed to spend hours a day playing video games, especially violent role playing games, they can cause them to become violent, socially isolated, and depressed. First person role playing games allow children to identify with their character (Harding). The more time children spend as killing machines in the false reality of the video gaming world, the more desensitized they become to death and killing in the real world. Studies have shown the more time children spend playing violent video games, the more likely they are to respond to real world situations with aggression and violence (Gordon). A 2004 study published in the Journal of Adolescence found children, particularly teens, who played violent video games are more likely to become aggressive, confrontational, and see a decline in their academic performance (Harding). Allowing children to play violent video games is not worth the risk they pose! Children are exposed to enough violence through television without the help of violent games offered to them over the internet and through popular video gaming systems. Video games do not only expose children to violence they allow them to engage in it through the violent roles they allow them to play. Many of the roles children play over the internet or through their game consoles simulate real world situations where they can steal and murder with no consequences. Parents should not need to read the results of a study for them to realize that allowing their hild to play violent roles in video games, where they kill and steal, will encourage violent behavior from them in the real world. During September 2009 in Ohio a sixteen year old boy named Daniel Petric was forbidden by his father from buying the new version of the violent video game Halo that he was obsessed with. After being forbidden from buying the new version of the violent game Daniel snuck out of his house and bought it anyway. When Daniel’s father discovered he had disobeyed him, and bought the game, he took it away from him and locked it in his lockbox where he kept his gun. Later that same night, sixteen year old Daniel unlocked his father’s lockbox to retrieve his game and found his father’s gun. After finding the gun Daniel went into his parent’s bedroom and shot both his father and mother in the killing them (Gordon). No one can say with absolute certainty that the video game Halo caused the boy to shoot his parents. One thing is obvious, if the boy’s account of events are to be believed, the game played a huge factor in his descion to murder his parents that evening. Violent behavior unfortunately is not the only negative effect from children playing video games to often. A recent study by Douglas A Gentile, an associate professor of psychology at Iowa State University found that children who spend several hours a day playing video games are at risk to become addicted to them. Once a child becomes addicted to their video game, their addiction can cause them to become depressed, anxious, and have social problems including social isolation (Gilmore). If a child is spending several hours a day gaming they can very easily become depressed. When a child spends most of their day playing video games they do not engage in normal healthy physical activity with their friends. It makes sense that the more time a child spends isolated playing video games the more likely they are to become depressed. Children need to spend time interacting with their friends in order to develop normal social skills. When children isolate themselves playing videogames alone all day, they begin to lose their friends and social skills. Studies show that the depression caused from children pathologically playing video games can be easily lifted when they simply stop playing them (Frontelera). Douglas Gentile said, â€Å"We found in children who started playing pathologically anxiety and depression got worse. And, when they stopped gaming the depression lifted† (qtd. in Gilmore). The idea that allowing a child to play his or her favorite video game for a couple hours a day can lead them to social isolation may sound farfetched, unfortunately it is not. The more time a child spends playing video games the less desire they have for one on one human contact. Although, children have the ability to interact with other players including their friends through the internet, their friends become part of the game itself and there is no real contact. Children need to spend time in social environments with their peers in order to learn and maintain the social skills they need to navigate through life. When a child loses his or her social skills they quickly become isolated and depressed. Their isolation and depression can lead them to identify themselves more with the character they are playing in their videogame than their own real life. First person role playing games allow children to identify with their character. Studies have shown the more time teenagers spend playing violent videogames at home the more likely they are to respond to real world situations with aggression and violence. A child’s imagination is amazing and sometimes limitless, unfortunately it can become dangerous when they begin to imagine themselves stealing cars and murdering people while playing first person role playing Videogames allow children to become kings and queens, or car thieves and murderers. Children can become so entranced by the different roles they play in the virtual worlds created for them through videogames that the line between the real world and the virtual one depicted in the video games they are playing becomes blurred. . Violent video games rewarded children for things like stealing cars and killing people.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

A 3 page good reasons to explain or suggest to the men Duffy Cut why Essay

A 3 page good reasons to explain or suggest to the men Duffy Cut why it is not a good idea for them to come to the United States - Essay Example f other reasons, economic and social should have prevented the journey of fifty-seven Irish laborers to the United States of America to assist in the construction of a railroad by an American contractor named Philip Duffy. All of them succumbed to death by cholera; recent evidence indicates that many of them may have been murdered (O’ Carroll). Most of them were not granted proper funerals, an event which highlighted the low esteem in which people of Ireland and catholic nations in general were held, in the early nineteenth century. the subsequent decades, was reason enough for the laborers to not have gone to the United States of America. A lasting cure for this was found out later on (Thomas), but the condition of cheap labor in America would have been reason for anybody to be cautious. Proper medical facilities were not provided to these man and their lives were often at the risk of being taken by cholera. The condition of the Irish laborers in America was often worse than that of the slaves in America since their wages hardly sufficed for them to afford decent lodgings and good food (Watson, 32). This, along with the threat of disease, meant that the journey to the United States of America was fraught with danger for the Irishmen who worked for Duffy and they undertook it with great peril to their health and eventually, their lives. This alone, should have deterred them from their journey to America. The journey that was undertaken by these people should not have materialized, if they had considered the imm ense risks that it involved, to their lives. The socio-political concerns of the American state were not humanitarian enough to provide safety to these laborers. During this phase, the United States of America, along with other states in Europe, were engaged in improving the state of infrastructure in their countries. Therefore, the safety and well-being of their workers, poor catholic immigrants at that, was not of primary importance to the American

Friday, September 27, 2019

EC390.1.1 Childrens Literature Lesson 6 Assignment

EC390.1.1 Childrens Literature Lesson 6 - Assignment Example Moreover, free choice contributes to the moral and cognitive development of the child as making choices is part of problem solving skills. The child feels that his wishes have been respected and learns to respect other people’s wishes too. This instills some sense of obedience into the child and he learns to conform to the set norms. Considering a class of children with different abilities, varied ways can be used to offer choices to the children. One such method is by making direct suggestions for example on the book titles to choose from. This enables children who are not used to making their own decisions to do so with ease. Another way is by limiting the options as young learners do well with fewer options .The teacher may suggest two or three genres for the children to choose from (Reynolds 2011). Even though the learners have the opportunity to make choices, this is monitored from a pool of options which is in the teacher’s custody. The teacher thus has the role of helping the young children make appropriate and responsible choices by controlling what comes out from his ‘option bank’ in the form of alternatives to the learners (Grossman 2008) The young need to learn to accept the outcome of their choices which can either be satisfaction or disappointment. Good choice of literature moulds and shapes a child’s skills in the discipline and this builds self-confidence in the child. Wrong choice made a material written in ungrammatical language for example, the child learns to be keen in making wiser choices in future and this is reinforced by constructive criticism from the teacher. Accepting responsibility for the outcomes of their choices is only but a way of strengthening their character and boosting their self confidence. Literature is a broad field of study which constitutes a wide range of materials produced by different

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Topic in IR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Topic in IR - Essay Example Adam Smith opposed this communist theory and instead advanced the capitalist model of development. The Cold War, after the end of World War II saw a resurgence of this theory, with the capitalist economies and communist blocs advancing the theory of modernization, but within the framework of their ideologies (pg.17). Modernization involves five stages since all countries are at one of the development stages, that comprise of traditional society, transitional stage, take-off, drive to maturity and high mass consumption.(Rostow.W.W.1960), In its earliest forms, modernization had brought together masses of people leading to the establishment of either a democracy, communism or fascism. Modernization has shown people that strong democratic institutions lead to socio-economic development and cultural changes, which in turn lead to individual freedom and gender equality- all of which create a society whose main objective is to ensure human emancipation. The rise in self-expression makes society people- centered, and leads to the concept of freedom of choice. Modernization theory has thus created conditions conducive to the humanistic transformation of society, which is its biggest asset. Economic development is the avowed goal of all societies and ideologies. The development of a nation and its place on the larger world stage is determined by the economic strength that the nations wield. This development can be promoted through democratic means as also by creating an authoritarian regime. The modern world swears by the advantages of a democratic set-up, but the success rates of economics thriving under authoritarian rule cannot be ignored. When we put the economies of South-east Asian nations under a scanner, what projects forth is a kaleidoscope of nations, governed democratically as well as by authoritarian regimes. While all democratic economies are performing extremely well, authoritarian nations too show a remarkable vibrant economic

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Building the Boeing 787 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Building the Boeing 787 - Term Paper Example The lightness of this Boeing 787 translates into large savings in terms of costs and fuel consumption. In addition to that, the Boeing 787 includes other notable innovations such as state-of-the-art electronics connected to the passenger compartment and to the flight deck, greater headroom, and larger windows. In order to accomplish the building of the Boeing 787, the company had to outsource part of its work (Hill, 2011). This paper will seek to provide the benefits of outsourcing to foreign suppliers and the risks involved in such dealings. To begin with, when a company outsources part of its work to either foreign or local suppliers, it reduces the risks involved in producing the intended materials. Since Boeing was dealing or otherwise gambling with very risky materials, it was a crucial step to have its suppliers manufacture part of the materials on the company’s behalf (McIvor, 2010). Particularly, risks involved in technological complexity are immense and can result to significant meltdown of a company’s resources. It is agreeable that manufacturing aircraft materials especially composite ones is expensive, time consuming, and technological irrational (Sparrow, 2003). Therefore, for Boeing to outsource 70 percent of the total content needed to build the jet to other manufacturers in other countries helped them minimize the risks it would stand to incur in case of mistakes. Therefore, outsourcing helped Boeing share among its suppliers the risks involved manufacturing such materials as well as in the building of such a risky technologically multifaceted aircraft (Brindley, 2005). Outsourcing makes the contracted companies feel being as part of the overall manufacturing process, which in turn brings a sense of contribution and ownership. Research findings show that such a feeling is pragmatic for business support (Hill, 2011). The Boeing’s outsourcing idea was critical. In fact, it made the partners feel included in the

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 40

Case study - Essay Example VR offer users with a leeway of performing tasks safely, unlike traditional rehabilitation programs that are repetitive and thus reduce patient’s motivation. It provides patients with specific environments to fit their needs as well as accommodate training in different phases. Re-learning of motor functions includes repetition as the task is connected to sensorial feedback that requires motivation that may take the form of game format during therapy. In addition, specialists have the ability to track and save data that is helpful for monitoring and managing a patient’s therapy. To test the hypothesis, the researcher developed the HYPER project for rehabilitating motor disorders by producing neurorobotics (NR) and motor neuroprosthetics (MNP). However, HYPER was limited to the use of many cables, prompting the use of Kinect, a wireless and promising technology, whose tracking has to be measured. Further, a combination of Brain Computer Interface and virtual reality possible creates a personalized environment that can study brain signals that help in assessing the progress of the patient undergoing therapy. From the case study, it is evident that the introduction of new technology that encompass games for therapeutic use offer numerous challenges, but perform better compared to traditional

Monday, September 23, 2019

Part 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Part 3 - Essay Example Multinational Corporations execute diverse roles in the foreign exchange market such as the provision of different methods of foreign investment and promotion of exports and exports. Nevertheless, such entities tend to incur diverse risks such as exchange rate vitality and flexibility in pricing. Foreign exchange risk relates to the possibility of losing financial resources in the course of buying and selling currency due to unexpected changes in relation to exchange rates. Besides their roles in the foreign exchange market, multinational corporations face diverse risks. Multinational corporations execute diverse roles and duties within the foreign exchange market. In this section of the research paper, the focus will be on illustration of the different roles of multinational corporations in the foreign exchange market. Most of the multinational corporations tend to engage in exporting and importing of various products based on the demands and projections in their host nations. In that context, multinational corporations contribute to the promotion of imports and exports within the foreign exchange markets. Multinational corporations are also vital for the generation of diverse decisions in relation to foreign investment. That is through the integration of the market research and development programs in the course of making appropriate decisions with reference to the achievement of the goals and targets within the industry and market of operation. Multinational corporations are essential to the provision of alternative techniques of the foreign inve stment. It is vital to the realization of effectiveness and efficiency in the achievement of the goals and targets of foreign investment. Similarly, organizations or multinational corporations operating in the foreign exchange market concentrates on the promotion of international

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Understanding Terrorism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Understanding Terrorism - Assignment Example It seeks to identify long term and newly emerging political conflicts which might lead to terrorism and try to find solutions for them (Martin, 2010). The problem with this approach is that it may affect innocent people in the name of collateral damage. Soft approach to terrorism is where the government or the state seeks to address the root and main causes of terrorism. This tries to accommodate terrorist demands including negotiations as well as modifications that tackle the grievances of the terrorists. Soft response deals with the immediate crisis caused by terrorist’s attack which makes it an event related situation (Martin, 2010). The problem with this method is it gives terrorism power to that state and that is the last thing they should have. Economic sanctions are used to counter terrorism because they are believed to follow tradition and customs thus making any government using it to have an advantage. Economic sanctions include trade restrictions and other controls (Martin,

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Tata Docomo Essay Example for Free

Tata Docomo Essay EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TATA DOCOMO is Tata Teleservices Limiteds TTSL telecom service on the GSMplatform arising out of the Tata Groups strategic alliance with Japanese telecom majorNTT DOCOMO in November 2008. Tata Teleservices has received a pan-India licenseto operate GSM telecom services, under the brand TATA DOCOMO and has also beenallotted spectrum in 18 telecom Circles. TTSL and has already rolled out its services in various circles.India is the fastest growing major mobile market in the world.Building on leadingposition in the market,TTSL. Aims to capitalize on the growth potential to significantlyincrease the subscriber base and market share. The telecom sector is increasing dayby day and the competition is getting more and tougher. Initially Tataservice was providing CDMA and after tieup with DOCOMO they come up in . OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT The objectives of this study/project as follows: * To identify the strategies Tata Docomo is following to grab the Indian market. * To study the schemes and services provided by TataDocomo. * To study thevarious tariffs charged by TataDocomo. * To study the unique features and services offered by TataDocomo. * To perform a SWOT analysis of TATADocomo. * To know the impact of promotional activities on the purchasing behavior of the buyer. * To study the Customer satisfaction level regarding the services provided by TataDocomo. INTRODUCTION TATADOCOMO is Tata Teleservices Limiteds TTSL telecom service on the GSM platform arising out of the Tata Groups strategic alliance with Japanese telecom major NTT DOCOMO in November 2008. Tata Teleservices has received a pan-India license to operate GSM telecom services, under the brand TATADOCOMO and has also been allotted spectrum in 18 telecom Circles. TTSL and has already rolled out its services in various circles. The launch of the TATADOCOMO brand marks a significant milestone Indian telecom landscape, as it stands to redefine the very face of telecoms in India. Tokyo-based NTT DOCOMO is one of the worlds leading mobile operators-in the Japanese market, the company is clearly the preferred mobile phone service provider with a50 percent market share. NTT DOCOMO has played a major role in the evolution of mobile telecommunications through its development of cutting-edge technologies and services. Over the years, technologists at DOCOMO have defined industry benchmarks like 3G technologies, as also products and services like the i-mode TM, mobile payment and a plethora of lifestyle-enhancing applications. Today, while most of the rest of the industry is only beginning to talk of LTE technology and its possible applications, DOCOMO has already started conducting LTE trials in physical geographies, not just inside laboratories! DOCOMO is also a global leader in the VAS (Value Added Services) space, both in terms of services and handset designs, particularly integrating services at the platform stage. The Tata Group-NTT DOCOMO partnership will see offerings such as these being introduced in the Indian market under the TATADOCOMO brand. TATADOCOMO has also set up a Business and Technology Cooperation Committee, comprising of senior personnel from both companies. The committee is responsible for identification of the key areas where the two companies will work together. DOCOMO, the world’s leading mobile operator will work closely with Tata Teleservices Limited management and provide know- how on helping the company develop its GSM business. Despite being a late entrant, TataIndicom, TTSLs CDMA brand, has already established its presence and is the fastest-growing pan-India operator. Incorporated in 1996, Tata Teleservices Limited is the pioneer of the CDMA 1x technology platform in India. Today Tata Teleservices Limited, along with Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra) Ltd, serves over 37 million customers in more than 320,000 towns and villages across the country offering a wide range of telephony services including Mobile Services, Wireless Desktop Phones, Public Booth Telephony and Wire line Services. HISTORY Tata Teleservices Limited now also has a presence in the GSM space, through its joint venture with NTT DOCOMO of Japan, and offers differentiated products and services under the TATADOCOMO brand name. TATADOCOMOarises out of the Tata Group’s strategic alliance with Japanese telecom major NTT DOCOMO in November 2008. TATADOCOMO has received a pan-India license to  operate GSM telecom services and has also been allotted spectrum in 18 telecom Circles. The company has rolled out GSM services in 14 of India’s 22 telecom Circles in a quick span of under six months. The company plans to launch pan-India operations by the end of FY 2009-10.TATADOCOMO marks a significant milestone in the Indian telecom landscape, and has already redefined the very face of telecoms in India, being the first to pioneer the per- second tariff option-part of its ‘Pay for What You Use’ pricing paradigm. Tokyo-based NTT DOCOMO is one of the world’s leading mobile operators-in the Japanese market, the company is the clear market leader, used by over 50% of the country’s mobile phone users. Corporate Philosophy With the aim of creating a new world of communications culture, we NTT DOCOMO will devote all the skills, know-how and energy towards the establishment of more personal communication with our customers that contribute to their heartfelt satisfaction. A New World of Communications Culture More personal communication * Reliable access * Real time access * E-communicationOne-to-one â€Å"personal * This gives birth to a new world of communications culture * Freedom to enjoy communications anytime, anywhere with anyone * Opening of endless lifestyle horizons  To achieve this In order to create a world of more innovative and enriched communications, we will improve service quality, aggressively move forward with the development of various services. We will also research and develop a more advanced user-friendly communications interface, and at the same time we will provide these services and technologies to an ever expanding area. Customer Satisfaction: * Communications those are always ready when needed. * Capability to contact whomever, from wherever and whenever the customer desires. * Happiness that comes from heart-to-heart communications. * Bringing customers another step closer to realizing their dreams. * Responding to every customer with consideration, courtesy and thoroughness. * Providing products that give customers easy and convenient access to cutting-edge functionality. To achieve this * First and foremost, we will fulfill expectations of customers by fulfilling our response to their needs through improved service quality, building original networks, enriching functionality and expanding the service area. In addition, by providing an expanding and ever-improving selection of services at inexpensive rates, we will deliver satisfaction to a growing diversity of customers. * Making the most of the talents of each individual in our company. * Respect for the individuality and sense of values that are unique to each person. * Enable internal corporate communication to flow free from vertical and horizontal organizational barriers. * Make the most of the ideas of each individual. * Foster a corporate culture that is not restricted by conventional thinking and systems. * Create a creative office environment that supports the fulfillment of the individual. * Fostering an open corporate culture that welcomes the ideas and views of the individual. * Evaluate personnel based on their merits. * Build a company that overflows with a challenging spirit. To achieve this  By improving our system and programs for the enhancement of human resources and unifying our human resource development, we will empower each individual to exert their skills to the utmost of their capabilities and discover new potential. At the same time, we will strive to create a workplace that motivates individuals through measures such as improvement of the working environment and labor conditions and enhancement of health and welfare benefits. VISION We will leverage our strength in executing complex global scale projects to make leading edge information and communication services affordable by all individual consumers and business in India. We will offer unparalleled value  to create customer delight and enhance business productivity. We will also generate value for our capabilities beyond Indian borders while enabling millions of India’s knowledge workers to deliver their services globally. STATISTICS * Third largest telecom network in the world. * Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.Largest operator in INDIA is BSNL. * INDIA’S mobile market is the fastest growing market in the world. * World’s leading Japan based Telecom Company. * Over the years technologies of DOCOMO has defined industry bench marks like 3G technology. * It is the global leader in value added services. * TATA telecom Incorporated in 1996. * Tata Teleservices is the pioneer of the CDMA 1x technology platform in India. Deep involvement in the launch of 3G has inspired us to create an infrastructure that will allow people and all kinds of objects to communicate a wealth of information. Extended systems will link the home, the office and any number of other locations to bring greater convenience to all aspects of everyday life. For the future, it is our aim to incorporate information gathered by all five senses to achieve an array of services far beyond anything envisaged to date. * NTT DOCOMO is already making rapid progress in such areas through a wide range of innovative research, building expertise and techniques as we move forward towards exciting new business opportunities. * Innovating dreams * Our goal is to create a broad array of exciting new services. Services that will bring undreamed-of convenience to people everywhere. * In addition to Audio Barcodes and 3D Display System introduced in this website, cutting edge technologies beyond the imagination are already under development. These include a system that makes distant objects feel like an extension of the human body for ultra realistic experiences, and advanced chips that will allow items such as household appliances to communicate. Whats more, we are actively realizing 4G technology such as MIMO (Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output) multiplexing technology and a wireless access communications system, as well as contributing to the establishment  of specifications for global standardization. * Researchers at NTT DOCOMO have a clear vision of the future. A future that will unite all of the above advances and many more, to create a world where people can communicate at a higher level, regardless of time and space * Telecom industry in India is dominated by major companies like Airtel, Vodafone in GSM services. * Competition is very intense due to low differentiation. * India ended March this year with 391.76 million mobile lines and teledensity is around 36.98. * Airtel enjoys 33.9%, Idea 11.6% Vodafone 19.6 and Tata CDMA has 7.2% of market share respectively. * PRICE * It having attractive tariff plan:TATADOCOMO having 1paisa /sec it is applicable for both prepaid and postpaid. Disruptive Innovation in the Indian Telecom Industry by TataDocomo Wikipedia defines disruptive innovation as an innovation that improves a product or service in ways that the market does not expect, typically by being lower priced or designed for a different set of consumers. Indian Telecom space was â€Å"Disrupted† by TataDocomo when they came out with a ‘1 paisa per second’ tariff. We have earlier seen how Reliance India Mobile changed the mobile industry by coming up with the lowest tariff in the beginning of this decade. The call charges were around Rs 2-3 per minute and because of Reliance this was brought down to around Re 1 per minute. TataDocomo was the next one to employ disruptive innovation in the Indian mobile industry. Currently the game is not played on the price front but Value added services front, which is evident from the advertisements of Airtel (Madhavan and VidyaBalan) and Vodafone (Zoozoos) in the past. If Aircel is redefining how telecom operators approach value added services and GPRS in India, TataDocomo is doing its bit to change billing practices. The joint venture between Tata Teleservices and Japanese telecom major NTT Docomo officially began rollouts with a plan to invest $2 billion for its pan-India GSM services. Customer Satisfaction The 21 century belongs to the service sector. The customer of yesteryear was a silent person who uncomplainingly purchased the goods from the market place. There is a new customer emerging today. Customer satisfaction can be  defined as, customer satisfaction is the feeling derived by the consumer when he compares the actual performance of the product’s with the performance that he expects of it. The measurement of the customer satisfaction typically begging when a company realizes that their customer s is the people, who provide the revenues that, hopeful, will cover expenses. Most companies start by establishing a customer satisfaction baseline. Then they target year by year improvement. Understanding customer requirement and delivering superior quality goods and services to achieve composer satisfaction lead to the retention and growth of the customer. General Idea about the satisfied customer: Satisfaction is a persona’s feeling of the pleasure or disappointment. It is resulting from comparing a product’s perceived performance with his or her expectations from it. Satisfaction is more of an emotional concept. Today organization are aiming at high satisfaction rather than at customer delight because customers who are just satisfied still find it easy to switch over when a batter offers comes along. Those who are highly satisfied are much less ready to switch over. High satisfaction or delight creates an emotional bound with the brand and customer starts looking at an offering emotionally and just rationally. The aim of marketing is to meet and satisfy target customers needs and wants but knowing customer is never simple. Customer may state their needs and wants but act otherwise. They may not be in touch with their deeper motivations. They may respond to influential to change their mind at the last minute. Some of today’s most successful companies are raising expectation and delivering performances to match. These companies are aiming at TCS- Total customer Satisfaction. Increasing competition (whether for-profit or nonprofit) is forcing businesses to pay much more attention to satisfying customers. In a competitive marketplace where businesses compete for customers, customer satisfaction is seen as a key differentiator and increasingly has become a key element of business strategy. Customer Loyalty: * These four factors will greatly affect your ability to build a loyal customer base: * Products that are highly differentiated from those of the competition. * Higher end products where price is not the primary buying factor. * Products with a high service component. * Multiple products for the same customer. * Loyal Customers and Loyal Workforces Building customer loyalty will be a lot easier if you have a loyal workforce not at all a given these days. It is especially important to retain those employees who interact with customers such as sales people, technical support, and customer-service people. Many companies give a lot of attention to retaining sales people but little to support people. The increasing trend today is to send customer service and technical support calls into queue for the next available person. This builds no personal loyalty and probably less loyalty for the firm. Before going this route, be sure this is what your customers prefer. Instant Feedback: Recently, many organizations have implemented feedback loops that allow them to capture feedback at the point of experience. For example, National Express, one of the UKs leading travel companies invites passengers to send text messages whilst riding the bus. This has been shown to be useful as it allows companies to improve their customer service before the customer defects, thus making it far more likely that the customer will return next time. Listen to your customers: Is there anything more exasperating than telling someone what you want or what your problem is and then discovering that that person hasn’t been paying attention and needs to have it explained again? From a customer’s point of view, I doubt it. Can the sales pitches and the product babble. Let the customer talk and show them that you are listening by making the appropriate responses, such as suggesting how to solve the problem. MARKETING STRATEGY TataDocomo appears to be banking heavily on its tariff plans the company is offering a 1 second pulse instead of the usual 1 minute pulse that other telecom operators are offering. This means that consumers are charged on a per second basis, instead of a per minute basis, and end up saving money on unused seconds. A nifty little application â€Å"How much can you really save† on  Docomo’s website explains how this works. Rs. 0.01/second is a marked change from the Re 1/min and Rs. 0.49/min charges that usually applies. MARKETING MIX 4P’S OF MARKETING MIX: * Product * Price * Place * Promotion. PRODUCT: TATADOCOMO having good range of services.TataDocomo provides both postpaid and prepaid services. TataDocomo having good quality network which provides clarity in voice. PRICE:It having attractive tariff plan: TATADOCOMO having 1paisa /sec it is applicable for both prepaid and postpaid. PLACE:It is having good range of channels of distribution: As Tata already exist in this field of telecommunications as TataIndicom. It has wide range of channels of distribution to sell TATADOCOMO services. PROMOTION:Advertising: TATADOCOMO following different style of advertising pattern in TV ‘and newspapers. Due to that reason it was reaching public very fast. TATADOCOMO PRICING STRATEGY TataDocomo appears to be banking heavily on its tariff plans the company offers a 1 second pulse instead of the usual 1 minute pulse that other telecom operators were offering. This means that consumers are charged on a per second basis, instead of a per minute basis, and end up saving money on unused seconds. A fifty little application â€Å"How much can you really save† on Docomo’s website explains how this works. Rs. 0.01/second is a marked change from the Re 1/min and Rs. 0.49/min charges that usually apply. Now while this plan might sound unique, it isn’t that it hasn’t been tried before back in 2004, TataIndicom had launched 1 second pulse plans, which going by their current plans, appears to have been shelved. At present, TataDocomo has launched voice portals, 24-hour music, cricket commentary and voice chat, apart from offering free Missed Call Alerts and VoiceMail. Interestingly, voice based services are also being priced with a per-second-pulse: 24 hour music and voice chat are priced at Rs. 0.02/second. Caller Tune search service ‘Genie’ is also being priced at Rs. 0.02/second. This is a marked change, again, from the per minute pricing, and can offer consumers cheaper options. Mobile pricing innovation – TataDocomo now charges per website for Mobile Browsing! This is surely a first world over – TataDocomo have gone ahead and launched an innovative mobile Internet offering which allows users unlimited usage of their favorite websites on mobile for a fixed cost. TataDocomo has been forefront in coming up with various attractive pricing schemes, especially, in the pay-per-use paradigm. They were first to introduce pay per second billing on calls, which now is followed by every mobile service provider. They followed it with pay-per-minute and pay-per-call pricing plans as well which has made them one of the fastest growing Mobile companies in India. The new pay-per-website offering however, takes it to a complete different level and unheard of pricing strategy. This is a very thoughtful strategy and something which has potential to growth rapidly. TataDocomo pricing strategy. Pay per site offer two combination: * Those only interested in single websites need to pay Rs 10 per site * Those with multiple site browsing needs can opt for a combo pack at just Rs 25 per month. Customers have a bundle of options within various categories of social networking sites (Facebook, Twitter, and Linked In, Orkut), mail options (Gmail, Yahoo, Rediff) and chat messengers (GTalk, Yahoo! Messenger, Nimbuzz). Having said this, there is also a caveat – If you thought it was valid for unlimited use†¦it is not. TataDocomo pay per site plan categorizes each service under 2 different genres – Social Networking Site and Emailing Instant Messaging. Each site under this genre is priced at Rs. 10/- bundled with 200 MB free data usage valid for 30 days, post which customers will be charged at 1p/kb. There are also 2 Combo options SNS Combo Pack and Emailing Combo Pack and each Combo Pack is priced at Rs. 25/- bundled with 500 MB free data usage post which the customers will be charged 1p/kb. We have b een quite impressed the way TataDocomo have gone about their innovative pricing models as well as marketing strategies. â€Å"Per Character† SMS Pricing On 8th September 2009, the GSM branch of the Indian carrier Tata introduced a novel pricing strategy for text messaging. Under the brand â€Å"Diet-SMSâ€Å", Tata-DOCOMO bills its customers â€Å"by-the-character†, rather than on a per message basis. It is a very attractive marketing scheme, since many wireless subscribers, almost by habit, tend to pepper their text messages with abbreviations and acronyms. Under the new plan, Tata-Docomo charges â€Å"one paisa per character†. For example, a text which reads â€Å"tnx† (for â€Å"thank-you†) is charged at 3paise instead of the normal sms charge. The Impact TataDocomo has gathered significant market share, owing to its pricing strategies. Existing mobile operators are matching the price and the clear winners are the subscribers since all the competition is sending the prices downhill. ADVERTISING MEDIA CHANNELS India TataDocomo, the youngest among telecom players in India to offer GSM, is Presently banking on its services to garner visibility and a share in the telecom pie. The launch of TataDocomo also announced the intention of the brand to associate with the thought do. TataDocomo, for the first time in the country, offered pay-per-second billing; though other telecom providers have followed suit since. The company has carried out a few adverts that highlight the brands unique features and some other topical advertising during Ganesh Chaturthi and Diwali. The latest from the GSM provider is the Friendship Express TVC. The ad opens inside train, where everyone is doing their own thing. A couple of the travelers dont like the solemn mood and start humming the Docomo tune. Slowly and steadily, others pitch in and soon most of the train is singing along.   The ad ends with the super, Why walk alone when we can dance together.Cutting through the clutter that the Indian telecom landscape fin ds itself in with customers forced to jostle with confusing and complicated products, services and tariff plans Tata DOCOMO is ‘Doing the New’ again, with the launch of its new brand campaign,  aptly titled ‘Keep It Simple’. Tata DOCOMO’s unique Keep It Simple Campaign is in a form of a stand-up comedy show with many episodes, which will be aired during the course of this IPL season. It focuses largely on how Tata DOCOMO simplifies the telecom experience, and hence the consumer’s life, by providing differentiated products and services. Each individual advertisement starts by illustrating a complexity in the category, and presents the Tata DOCOMO product and/or service as a means of simplifying things. This campaign is simple, captures the various moods of Ranbirdepicting those of Tata DOCOMO Advertisement strategy TataDOCOMO ropes in RanbirKapoor as brand ambassador NEW DELHI: TataDocomo, the GSM brand of Tata Teleservices (TTSL), today appointed Bollywood star RanbirKapoor as its brand ambassador. The company has inked a two-year contract with Kapoor and will roll out various televisions, print and outdoor campaigns with the actor, starting with the upcoming Indian Premier League (IPL) tournament. We think TataDocomo is an inspirational brand and so is the charm and personality of RanbirKapoor, so it is a great match. We will leverage him in various campaigns to build the brand further, TTSL Head Corporate Marketing Gurinder Singh Sandhu told PTI. TataDOCOMO will undertake various marketing initiatives with RanbirKapoor, including television commercials, print campaigns, outdoors and retail front displays, he added. The company will introduce its new campaign during the IPL tournament, which kicks off on April According to media analysts, TataDocomo is expected to spend in excess of Rs 50 crore for the 360-degree campaign during the IPL season. Other telecom operators like BhartiAirtel, Idea Cellular and Reliance Communications have also appointed Bollywood stars as their brand ambassadors. While Airtel has worked with Shahrukh Khan, Saif Ali Khan and KareenaKapoor, Idea Cellular has AbhishekBachchan as its ambassador. Reliance Communications has worked with HrithikRoshan. Vodafone, on the other hand, has found success with its Zoozoos, the egg shaped cartoon characters featured in its ad campaign. Market Competitors of TataDocomo: * Airtel * Reliance Communication * BSNL * Idea * Aircel * Vodafone * SERVICES NETWORK AVAILABLE * Currently, TataDocomo mobile services available in these following circles: * Bihar Jharkhand * Tamil Nadu * Orissa * Andhra Pradesh * Karnataka * Kerala * Kolkata * Maharashtra Goa * Madhya Pradesh * Chhattisgarh * Haryana * Chennai * Eastern Uttar Pradesh * Western Uttar Pradesh * Punjab * Rajasthan ,Recently LaunchedAandRest of West Bengal, Recently Launched. PLANS Tata DOCOMO Daily Plans. When every day is different, why have a fixed plan? A brand new day calls for a brand new plan. Choose from Daily plans on local, STD, Night calling, GPRS Music and make your own Daily Plan. Benefits: * Anytime purchase * Minimal cost * Ease of process How to subscribe: Dial *141# and choose from Daily plans on local, STD, Night calling, GPRS Music. Product options:- Daily Rental Packs (Rs.2) * All local at 1p/2sec * STD at 3p/4sec * Local Night On-net at 1p/10sec * Local On-net at 1p/6sec * USA/Canada UK(F) at 3p/sec * Gulf at 11p/sec * All local National SMS at 1p | Weekly Rental Packs (Rs.10) * All local at 1p/2sec * STD at 3p/4sec * Local Night On-net at 1p/10sec * Local On-net at 1p/6sec * USA/Canada UK(F) at 3p/sec * Gulf at 11p/sec * All local National SMS at 1p | Talk More * 30 local minutes @ Rs.5 onTata DOCOMO Network. * 30 local minutes @ Rs.12 across Networks. * 30 local/National minutes @ Rs.14 * 10 Local/National minutes @ Rs.5 | Night Talk * Now converse through the night. 60 Free Local Night minutes onTata DOCOMO Network. * 30 Free local On-net minutes @ Rs.3 * 20 Free local minutes @ Rs.5 | | a. GPRS10MB Free Browsing @ Rs.5 only.| World Calling * 10 minutes to USA/Canada @ Rs.20 * 5 minutes to USA/Canada @ Rs.10| a. Entertainment15 minutes FREE music @ Rs.5| a. CricketCricket Alerts @ Rs.5/day| Terms and Conditions: * Daily implies active till 12 midnight on the same day of pack activation. Ex: A subscriber activated the pack on 25th Feb10 then the pack with daily validity will expire at midnight of 25th Feburary10#. * In case on night packs the expiry of the pack will be 7 am of the next day of activation of the pack. Ex: A subscriber activated the night pack on 25th Feb10 then the pack with daily validity will expire at 7 am of 26th Feburary10#. * The pack will get activated maximum within 2 hrs of request receipt on the system. You will get an automated confirmation SMS once the same is configured on our systems. * You can activate multiple packs in a day. Competitor Analysis The competition has intensified the past few months with new players and schemes coming in. There has never been a better time for the customer to get a mobile phone connection There are at least six if not more operators to choose from in ever circle. In June 09, TATA DOCOMO broke the old system of tariff by introducing per second billing system. As soon as they did this, the other followed suit with price cuts everywhere. Suddenly the idea of calls being free was not so outrageous. The prices were reduced to such an extent that the viability of the business was in questions. The competitive environment of TATA DOCOMO can be looked at from the following perspectives Airtel v/s TataDocomo * The equal competitors are coming up with their new tariffs, plans, special packs and their varying services to prove themselves to be much competitive and trying to anchor them firmly in this mobile sector. * Currently the TataDocomo came up with its services with an all new tariff scheme of pay per second which has brought out a massive revolution in the market. * On 30th Oct the leading mobile service provider BhartiAirtel launched their much awaited â€Å"Pay per Second† tariff all throughout India. The tariff comparison with Airtel and TATADocomo is as follows, * Airtel with its inception on 2001 renders number of customers but their tariff, call rates to different network makes confusion and remains unstable. But Docomo’s 1p/sec throughout India makes consumers to keep track of their account and controls expenses. Airtel has kept different SMS charges even in their Pay Per Second plan with local sms being charged at Re.1 and National sms at Rs.1.50, whereas Docomo introduced SMS charges based on the number of characters. No recharges are needed to opt for per second calling after one year. * Package activation of Airtel ranges from Rs.64 to Rs.99 and varies from circle to circle. Docomo’s does not charge anything extra for activating the per second pack since the tariff plan by default is on per second basis. * The Airtel tariff calculation is hard ranging from 1p/sec to 1.2p/sec , but 20% higher to other operators whereas A2A calls are kept at 1p/sec and that to other operators are charged at 1.2p/sec. But TataDocomo is offering a limited period offer of STD calls at 1p/sec. But Airtel is older than Docomo so it has compact network links than Docomo , so this is the place where Docomo has to establish itself. Meanwhile it is found that Docomo with both GSM and CDMA network added over ‘4 million’ subscribers in September, beating market leader BhartiAirtel yet again. Airtel had 2.5 million new users in September. SWOT ANALYSIS * STRENGTH * WEAKNESS * OPPORTUNITIES * THREATS STRENGTHS: * First to introduce seconds’ tariff plan (seconds pulse) * Good brand image of Tata services * Having large variety of plans * Plans are affordable by any common person. WEAKNESS: * Signal strength. * Postpaid connections are not available as of now. * Customer services are not satisfactory. * Concentrating only on rural areas. OPPORTUNITIES: * Have a great opportunity to expand its services. * To introduce any new plans for internet users. * Introduce 3G compatible services. * To introduce new combined plans like, SMS, Internet, Calling integrated offers. THREATS: * If signal strength is not increased it may lead to change in the network service by the customers. * Tata has to clarify whether this 1ps/sec will continue till its lifecycle. * Heavy competition from all other network providers. INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF TATA DOCOMO Brand Image of Tata and Docomo This is another important factor which proves as a major strong point for Tata Docomo. Tata DOCOMO is Tata Teleservices Limiteds (TTSL) telecom service on the GSM platform-arising out of the Tata Groups strategic alliance with Japanese telecom major NTT DOCOMO in November 2008. Both of these are Big brand names in their respective countries; viz. Tata in India and NTT Docomo in Japan. Tokyo-based NTT DOCOMO is one of the worlds leading mobile operators-in the Japanese market, the company is clearly the preferred mobile phone service provider in Japan with a 50 per cent market share. Variety of plans on offer Tata Docomo focuses not only on the price but also makes sure that the variety of services offered is not compromised. There are a number of tariff plans for post pay customers as well as for prepay customers. WEAKNESSES OF TATA DOCOMO One major weakness of this organization would be the lack of adequate infrastructure to service the subscribers that it may initially achieve owing to the low prices. The key issue would be network coverage, where the customers would prefer that a call go through, or not be disconnected, than save Rs. 0.5-Re.1 on a call. At the same time, since operators have so far been focused on the â€Å"land-grab† MORALE OF EMPLOYEES IN AN ORGANISATION Good Morale Morale is a way of describing how people feel about their jobs, employers and companies, and those feelings are tied to the behaviors and attitudes that employees exhibit in the workplace. When employees have good morale, they feel committed to their employers, loyal to their jobs and motivated to be productive. They work harder, produce more, meet deadlines and give it their all. Low Morale According to BNET, a website that offers business management advice, low morale takes a toll on employee performance and productivity. Employees become less motivated to work, less committed to their employers, exhibit an attitude of indifference and are absent more often. Companies pay the consequences of low morale, as less work gets done and time and money are wasted. Such characteristics may not always indicate low morale. Be sure  that you dont misdiagnose employees as having low morale when they may just be having a bad day. Low morale is indicated by a pattern of these behaviors and attitudes over time. MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF TATA DOCOMO The goal of the Management System and OrganisationOptimisation is to introduce a new organisation and management system at the level of a selected company or a group of companies (holding), as the case may be. The solutions standard subject matter is the conceptual preparation of the clients new organization and the implementation thereof, which is broken down into detailed organisational and functional patterns including job structure and category. Other steps include a preparation of the companys (holding) management rules, setting the basic functions, competencies, powers and responsibilities for individual management levels of a company (holding), and the preparation of a companys (holding) basic internal policies. ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE OF TATA DOCOMO In TATA DOCOMO the organizational culture is the workplace environment formulated from the interaction of the employees in the workplace. Organizational culture is defined by all of the life experiences, strengths, weaknesses, education, upbringing, and so forth of the employees. While executive leaders play a large role in defining organizational culture by their actions and leadership, all employees contribute to the organizational culture. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS- Political- †¢ Not favourable in terms of Recent spectrum allocation {2G-scam}. †¢ Political lobbying is prevalent and many companies are taking advantage of it.It has become ubiquotious and creates lots of hassels for the firms. †¢ Due to 2G Scamtherre will be tighter control and auditing system. †¢ Also UPA will bring some new changes as the social pressure is so high{Anna hazaremovemenet}.Some new guidelines are coming up. †¢ TATA may get truly  benefitted by their inherent policy of no form of corruption.TATADocomo should be ready for a patient game so that this political uncertainity gets settled. ECONOMICAL- †¢ Teledensity has improved from under 4% in March 2001 to 53% by the end of March 2010.Cellular telephony has emerged as the fastest moving business segment. †¢ Due to high growth rate,hgherteledensity and sustainable domestic demand cellular telephony will surely reamain in the pink of health in India. †¢ Unexplored rural market.Usage may be low but volume can be high. †¢ Due to immense competition and lowest call rates in the world there are wafer thin margins as well. SOCIAL †¢ Youth population is increasing,adoption to new technologies has become daily routine,more litracy rate and more purchasing power of Domestic consumers makes this industry more than attractive. †¢ Youth will control the economy within next 10 years and companies need to meet their ever changing and newest deamands. †¢ Plans and tariffs need to be updated according to current demand and social habbits. †¢ Devolopment of new apps and cool value added services are in demand. TECHNOLOGY- †¢ Tata Docomo is enjoying the distinct advantage of the backing up of NTT Docomo which proven innovative technology.It is first in Inidia to roll out 3G services in India resulted a growth of 30%-40% in VAS and also planning to bring in 3G enabled mobile phones at an affordable price. †¢ It should try to capitalize the capabilities of Wimaxtechnologies,a high speed data connection,which is supposed to have 12 million subscribers by 2012. †¢ As 3G technologies has made in roads in India there is a growing emphasis on speed and coverage. ENVIRONMENTAL- †¢ People have growing concern about the kind of damage cellular wave do to the brain and other parts of the body. †¢ TATA Docomo should be the first to acknowledge the concern of the people by innovating ways that that can make the waves less harmfull. LEGAL- †¢ Recently due to alligations and speculations surrounding the 2G Spectrum sale many service providers are in legal doldrums and have to face wrath of CBI and judiciary. †¢ Whereas TATA Docomo has benefitted from his fare policies,it should par its back for this and march on with the progress it has seen with full vigour, Recommendations * The availability of recharge voucher should be made available when required by the customers. As this give the good impression about the company. * The network coverage is another asset for the company’s image, which needs to be preserved in future. * The overall image of the customer care services was found to be good but with some loopholes related to delays in problem solving. * The company should be more prompt in handling the queries and problem of the customer, which is vary essential for the prepaid card so as to retain the customers with the company in future. * The customer care executives should be more efficient in handling the customer and also more friendly and polite their conversation, while dealing with the customer. * After sales service is required to be maintained properly, which is not up to the mark * Call rates is affordable so it should be maintained at this level. * Many people are using mobile, but majority of them are not aware of the technology they are using. Manytines it happens that a person doesn’t know which technology satisfied his need. Hence awareness should be created among them regarding advantages and differences in the technology. * Supplementary facilities like call wait, call forward, call hold, call divert, call conference should be made more effective to attract customers. CONCLUSION After analysis and interpretation of the data it can be concluded that TataDocomo is providing a broad range of various schemes ranging from international calling to hello tunes. This is the critical factor to attract  various customers. Wide range of schemes is also leading to increase in number of customers with rapid pace for TaTA Tariff charges introduced by the TataDocomo are found to be cheaper than other services. TataDocomo has emerged as a giant killer due to their tariff plans and heading towards the position of dominator. TataDocomo is providing some unique features and services like pay per second, SMS per character, pay per site plans that are making them being different from their competitors. Awareness of the TataDocomo is spreading widely among people due to their promotional activities. Buyers are now insisting for cheaper plans or threatening to opt out. Majority of the customers are satisfied with the services of the Tata Docomo and they are not ready to switch on to other service providers.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Utilizing Self-Organizing Heterogeneous Networks

Utilizing Self-Organizing Heterogeneous Networks A Disaster-Resilient Modern Cellular Network: Utilizing Self-Organizing Heterogeneous Networks, Device-to-Device Communication enabled LTE-Advanced Abstract The goal of modern communication networks is to keep every corner of the world connected at all times. This goal is of utmost importance especially during a disaster. Todays mobile communication networks fail to showcase fast disaster resilience due to the lack of a distributed communication architecture that would work even if a part of the network fails. With current technological advancements, this resilience can be achieved by creating an overlay of various techniques. Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) and Internet of Things (IoT) play significant roles in the next generation 5G networks. Having this in mind, this paper discusses how Self Organizing Networks (SON) when applied to HetNet, and a distributed Device-to-Device (D2D) communication enabled architecture when applied to Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A), can strengthen the disaster resilience of a modern cellular network. Self-configuring, self-optimizing and self-healing heterogeneous small cell networks reduce the nee d for human intervention and ensure reliable communication during calamities. A D2D type communication is important because in most cases, physical damage to operators network elements is the cause for network failure. Hence there is a need to be able to communicate emergency messages without total dependency on a carriers network. The means of achieving these two goals will be addressed in this paper. I. Introduction The earliest forms of communications were intended to send emergency messages during wars. While communication technology has evolved from sending pigeons to next generation 5G, the industry has not been able to ensure perfectly reliable communication for disaster-struck regions with the unaffected areas during times of emergency. The existing methods for emergencies such as the earthquake and tsunami warning system (ETWS), Public Safety Networks, only serve the purpose of communicating broadcast messages to public and information sharing among officials. However it is important to also have a reliable communication means between victims in affected areas and the outside world. In 2011, around 29,000 eNBs were damaged during the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, which caused network outage and affected communication of safety messages and emergency requests [12]. Problems in wireless networks during disaster scenarios include increase in traffic beyond the networks capacity, physical damage of network components including backhaul, unnecessary handovers due to improper neighbor list and limited availability of human resources [1]. The methods discussed in the paper will address these problems. A Heterogeneous Small Cell Network (HSCN) is one in which there is an umbrella created by the macro cell and small cells are deployed within the region to help fix coverage gaps and capacity needs [14]. The co-ordination of different cells within the same region without interfering is the challenging part of an HSCN. D2D communication is one in which the User Equipment (UEs) can exchange information directly. This paper will start by discussing the architecture of a SON-enabled Disaster Resilient HSCN (DRHSCN). We will discuss how self-configuration of power, automatic neighbor relation (ANR), Physical Cell Identity (PCI), self-optimization of coverage, capacity, mobility robustness and self-healing capabilities help in achieving minimal human intervention during disasters [1]. The next section of the paper will discuss how a multihop D2D communication system realized through smartphones relay can help in disaster resilience [3]. We will then discuss how the current LTE architecture can be made distributed in order to minimize the dependency between User Equipment (UE) and the core network [2]. We will discuss how D2D communication can help in this regard and increase the disaster resilience of an LTE-A network [2]. II. Utilizing SON in DRHSCN The primary purpose for using SON in Disaster Resilient Heterogeneous Small Cell Networks (DRHSCN) is to reduce the operational expenditure (OPEX) and human intervention. The DRHSCN architecture as shown in Figure 1 [1] consists of a macro cell and several small cells (femto cells) within the macro cell. Satellite link provides the backhaul. The SON entity of the network is present on the base station side. The Heterogeneous evolved Node B (HeNB) serves the femto user equipment (FUE) while the macro base station serves the macro user equipment (MUE). Figure 1. Architecture of DRHSCN [1] During disasters, there will need for deployment of new nodes such as cellular on wheels (CoW), adaptation of the existing nodes to the changes, and healing of the nodes that were damaged physically. Self-configuration means a newly added node during a disaster scenario automatically selects the network parameters and schemes such as physical cell ID (PCI), power configurations, neighbor lists and other basic settings needed for proper operation [4]. The newly added nodes are configured into the network and then the existing nodes involve in self-optimizing as a reaction to the environmental changes caused by the disaster. Self-optimization means automatically changing the radio resource management parameters such as power parameters (pilot, control and data), tilt, azimuths, handover management parameters, and others needed to optimize the performance of the network [4]. Self-Configuring new nodes We will discuss the methods for self-configuring the transmit power, physical cell ID and Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) in DRHSCN. Let us assume a new HeNB is entering the network and its boundary ends where the path loss is 2 dB from the HeNB. When it powers on, the HeNB will receive Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) measurements of the macro eNB as well as other HeNBs in the vicinity. Based on this self-discovery, the HeNB will configure a suitable transmit power to mitigate the co-channel interference with the macro or other small cells [1]. A FUE will be covered by the HeNB if Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) from the HeNB is above 3dB. An MUE will be served by the macro eNB if SINR from macro eNB is above 1dB. Based on these assumptions, the self-configuration will make sure that for FUE outside the 2dB boundary, SINR is below 3dB. For MUE outside the 2dB boundary, SINR is above 1dB. This way the HeNB cannot affect the MUE outside its boundary [1]. Figure 2. (a) Self-configuration of PCI [1] (b) Self-configuration of ANR [1] A physical cell ID needs to be unique for each cell in its operating area in order to avoid collision and confusion. Since the primary and secondary synchronization signals (PSS, SSS) are based on the PCI, any collision would result in synchronization problems. There are only 504 possible PCIs [4]. Hence in a dense deployment of heterogeneous networks, it is difficult to guarantee uniqueness. Instead of manually configuring PCI during network planning or randomly selecting a PCI, an automatic PCI selection algorithm [1] as shown in Figure 2a [1] would result in lesser collisions and confusions in a disaster scenario. The HeNB first detects neighbors in its vicinity and composes a deny list. It then requests a reserved list from the SON-enabled OAM (Operations, Administration, and Maintenance) system. Based on these, an available PCI is selected and confirmed with the OAM. It is a periodic procedure and the HeNB reselects its PCI based on the neighbor PCIs seen in UE measurement repor ts. In order to ensure handovers are managed properly in the absence of human resource during disasters, an Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) feature should be added. This enables the self-configuration of the Neighbor Relation Table (NRT) and deletion of unnecessary neighbor relations (NR). The algorithm is shown in Figure 2b [1] and is very similar to the PCI selection algorithm. Instead of a PCI list, a neighbor list is composed. The neighbor PCI and Cell Global Identity (CGI) are obtained from the UE measurement reports. ANR reduces the need for handover selection from a long neighbor list by removing unnecessary NR periodically. [1] Self-Optimizing existing nodes Self-optimization in the existing HeNB in DRHSCN is achieved in two ways Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) and Coverage Optimization. In a heterogeneous network, the occurrence of unnecessary handovers due to complex mobility patterns and cell boundaries, results in large consumption of resources which cannot be afforded especially in a disaster scenario. The purpose of self-optimizing handover (HO) parameters is to detect such unnecessary handovers and to avoid them while not compromising on handover failure rate. A Mobility Robustness Optimization algorithm is proposed for a DRHSCN [1]. A cost function is first calculated as a weighted sum of five types of handovers [5]. These include ping-pong handover which return the HO back to the serving cell, early handover when Radio Link Failure (RLF) occurs since the HO was executed earlier than required, late handover when the HO is processed too late which results in RLF, continuing handover when the HO after execution is immediately is handed over to another cell which is not the serving cell, wrong handover when the HO was made to the wrong cell resulting in RLF [6]. In order to optimize the handover process, each HeNB has a timer which starts when handover complete message is received from UE. This timer stops as soon as an RLF occurs or is reported by other eNBs/HeNBs. From the UE status after RLF the HeNB will be able to recognize if it was a late, early or wrong handover, or call drop. Based on the performance metrics collected by a single eNB/HeNB, the parameters are optimized [1]. As shown in Figure 3 [1], the optimized parameters are calculated based on the cost function. This calculation is repeated iteratively after detecting unnecessary, too late, too early and wrong handovers, and fixing the weights of the cost function accordingly. The SON-enabled OAM (Operations, Administration, and Maintenance) system collects the performance reports. The RLF and unnecessary HO are reduced significantly by the optimization algorithm which will help in efficient handovers during disasters when the HeNB are randomly deployed [1]. Figure 3. Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) [1] Coverage optimization is done by adaptively choosing the cell boundary. This is important in a disaster scenario because fast random deployments of small cells do not take into account the interference caused by the small cells with macro cells which will reduce the performance of the DRHSCN. In the self-configuration phase, we created fixed boundaries based on RSRP measurements of eNB and other HeNBs. This boundary is not realistic since we will deploy small cells indoor such as in buildings. The RSRP measurements of the FUE during the self-optimization phase will help in determining a realistic coverage radius. Large changes in RSRP is observed when the FUE enters or leaves a building due to penetration loss associated with walls. The algorithm given in Figure 4 [1] shows how after self-configuration, either an adaptive or fixed boundary is chosen based on whether a house boundary was got from the decision module. This process is iteratively applied and an optimal boundary is chose n. The performance analysis of the power self-configuration and coverage self-optimization algorithm together shows better macro and small cell coverage. It helps provide better coverage and manage capacity efficiently [1]. Figure 4. Coverage and Capacity Optimization [1] Self-Healing triggered by failed nodes Self-healing is the process of handling the coverage gaps or capacity overloads resulting from the failure due to physical damage of a base station (either macro or small cell) during disasters [1].ÂÂ   Self-healing consists of automatic fault detection, fault classification and cell compensation schemes [7]. Figure 5 [7] shows the flow chart of a self-healing process. Fault classification into degraded (sub-optimal operation), crippled (major faults causing low SINR) or catatonic cells (complete outage) can be done using Bayesian systems to determine type of fault with certain probability [9]. Learning algorithms are important to make the detection more intelligent by having a log of faulty alarm detections. The Trigger Conditions of Self-Healing (TCoSH) satisfy when anomalies occur for a particular duration and cause sufficient performance degradation. The logical steps for self-healing are provided by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in [8]. The compensation scheme s, depending on type of fault, might involve automatic reconfigurations which would direct the neighbors to up tilt antennae, increase power, or enable relay-assisted handover [10]. It is critical to continue monitoring the faulty base station through X2 interface to check if it has recovered, so that neighbors can return to their optimal configurations. Much research is needed in self-healing in terms of the various learning, classification, and compensation algorithms before it can be deployed practically [7]. Figure 5. Self-Healing Process [7] III. D2D communication during disasters In the previous section, we discussed how a SON-enabled DRHSCN implementation can help operate a 4G network reliably and efficiently during disasters. However, we need to note that the dependence on cellular operators networks is high in a DRHSCN. During a disaster, the physical damages caused to the operator network in a significantly large area, are difficult to be handled using self-healing alone. Hence there is a need for a decentralized network architecture as an overlay over DRHSCN that will ensure reliable communication of emergency messages. Figure 6. D2D communication during disasters [3] Access and Network technologies in D2D communication In this sub-section we will discuss a multi-hop D2D communication realized using relay by smartphones [3]. As a minimum requirement, unacknowledged, best effort delivery of small packets of messages such as text, voice should be possible. The types of messages may be emergency communication between affected areas and outside world, broadcast messages to the affected areas, local information sharing within refugee areas, etc. as shown in Figure 6 [3]. The interconnection of the D2D network with the outside world can also be achieved through Satellite, unmanned aircraft system (UAS), etc. [3]. The various technologies that can be used in multihop D2D communication as shown in Figure 7 [3] will be discussed next. Figure 7. Technologies in D2D communication [3] The wireless access technologies need not be limited to one. Multiple technologies such as Bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee, LTE-A, WiGig (Wireless Gigabit) can be used based on the environment, data needs, physical distance, spectrum availability. The developments in mobile equipment technologies such as battery technology, antenna design techniques enable the use of various wireless interfaces on a single mobile terminal [3]. Bluetooth, WiFi and Zigbee are used currently. While WiGig has the advantage of being de-centralized and having high speeds (up to 7 Gbps for 60 GHz bandwidth), it is a short range technology (10m). LTE-A has the advantage of having a good channel quality and lesser interference due to a base station acting as controller. To overcome the disadvantage of dependence on operator network during disasters, we will discuss a decentralized D2D communication architecture for LTE-A in the next sub-section. The networking (routing) technologies used in smartphone relay cannot be fixed, like in other multihop communications due to the unpredictable mobility of the terminals. Hence each device selects its own routing method based on its situation. Hence integrating various routing technologies is inevitable. For a stable dense mesh network such as WiFi ad hoc, which is are almost immobile, mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) type routing is preferred. MANET sends a message via an established path from source to destination. Delay/disruption-tolerant networks (DTN) is suitable for both single and mutihop communication since it is a network layer technology [3]. For wireless access technologies that work on a single hop such as Bluetooth, Zigbee, DTN-type routing has to perform multihop through various single hops. Since the best type of routing depends on the scenario, implementing a fusion of the two routing types would be the most efficient. Interconnection of the multihop D2D communication system with external networks such as satellite, movable and deployable resource units (MDRU) [11], unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) is possible. Longer distance communication with areas not affected by the distance is possible through such interconnection. The gateway between the D2D system and outside networks filters out redundant messages received from DTN type routing which tends to send duplicates [3]. The gateway should advertise its presence so that the terminals can direct their messages to it. For certain applications, it is important to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Hence a security functionalities are added. In order to ensure that all types of smartphones can participate in the D2D communication, all operating systems (Android, iOS, Windows, etc.) should be compatible. In order to ensure independency from cloud services, it is suggested that the terminals have a mutihop D2D mode for emergency purpose s. In [3], a prototype based on fusion of MANET and DTN routing technologies was developed and its performance was tested to be good. D2D communication enabled decentralized LTE-A architecture The dependencies between the UE, eNB and Evolved Packet Core (EPC) reduce the resilience and flexibility of a 4G network. We will discuss a D2D enabled LTE-A architecture that will reduce this dependency [2]. The EPC is an all-IP core network that performs the access control, authentication, etc. Failure of any entity within the EPC can cause a cascading effect and might take long time to fix. A novel software architecture, which virtualizes certain fundamental EPC services and resource management functions within the eNB to reduce the dependency between the eNB and EPC is proposed in [2]. A new component called Flexible Management Entity (FME) is suggested to be added to the architecture. The eNB along with the FME which includes the virtual EPC entity would now be called the Hybrid eNB (HYeNB). The detailed design and distributed protocols associated with the FME are discussed in [2]. Wired or wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.11, 802.16, optical, satellite networks, etc. are used to maintain connection between HYeNB and physical EPC. While the above virtualization creates a distributed architecture between the eNB and the EPC, we will discuss about how the dependency between UE and the Radio Access Network (RAN) can be reduced in LTE-A by deploying D2D feature that was introduced in Release 12 of 3GPP [13]. The D2D communication is discovered, established and maintained without any interference from eNB or EPC. The uplink channels PUCCH, PUSCH and PRACH are used for the initialization and operation of the D2D protocol. A D2D communication can be set up within the UEs in the network when needed either using the D2D-Agent present inside the FME, or the UEs can establish the D2D communication independent of the HYeNB. When connection with eNB is lost for a Time of Interruption (ToI), a selected UE (b-UE) will take up the role of D2D-A. The b-UE will establish, manage and coordinate the D2D network. It is necessary to have ToI to avoid ping-pong effect. The multiple access scheme used by such a b-UE is Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) due to less interference and battery consumption [2]. Figure 8. Handshake messages when UE joins a D2D network [2] All UEs which lost connection with HYeNB for ToI is allowed to consider transmitting direct beacon frames (D-beacons). But before a UE transmits D-beacons, it will listen to the channel for at least two D-beacon time intervals (TD) (time between two beacons which can be any multiple of frame duration 10 ms) to see if any other UE is already the b-UE. If after two TD, no beacon was received, the UE becomes b-UE and starts broadcasting the D-beacons with information such as D2D network ID, identification of UEs in the network, etc. on the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH). PUCCH is also used by b-UE to reply to UE network association requests as shown in Figure 8 [2].ÂÂ   The network joining procedure is same as the four-way handshake that occurs during LTE random access. There are 64 Zadoff Chu preambles from which the UE who wishes to join chooses from to minimize contention. The contention resolution scenario involves the b-UE sending response based on the UE ID in the D2 D network. The UE which did not receive a response backs off. The random access operations are performed using the Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH). The response which is usually sent on Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) in traditional LTE, should be sent on PUCCH by the b-UE. Reserved slots in the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) are used for the third message (association request). PUSCH is also used for data and voice transmission. The resources reservation for data and voice takes place between peer UE and does not need b-UE involvement. [2] The UEs will continue search for synchronization signals and Master Information Block (MIB) on Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) to see is the HYeNB has been reconnected. Once reconnected, the resources allocated to the D2D network will be given up [2]. IV. Conclusion A SON-enabled DRHSCN and D2D communication enabled LTE-A are two technologies that will greatly increase the robustness and resilience of existing cellular networks as well as future 5G networks during disasters. The two methods can be implemented as an overlay by introducing D2D communication within a Heterogeneous network. The multihop smart phone relay using a multiple wireless access and a fusion of routing technology when applied to the D2D network, create another layer of resilience. These methods achieve the primary goal of making the network self-reliant and distributed so that communication can be established even when any part of the network is damaged by disaster. The future 5G architecture can be made disaster-resilient from the start if the proposed methods are taken into account even during standardization. By extending the proposed D2D protocol into Internet of Everything (IoE), we will be able to send emergency messages not only to humans but also to trains, cars, etc . to prevent major accidents. V. References H. Zhang, C. Jiang, R. Q. Hu, Y. Qian, Self-organization in disaster-resilient heterogeneous small cell networks, IEEE Network, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 116-121, 2016. K. Gomez, L. Goratti, T. Rasheed, L. Reynaud, Enabling Disaster-Resilient 4G Mobile Communication Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 66-73, Dec. 2014. H. Nishiyama, M. Ito, N. Kato, Relay-by-smartphone: Realizing multihop device-to-device communications, IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 56-65, Apr. 2014. 3GPP, TSG E-UTRAN, Self-Configuring and Self-Optimizing Network (SON) Use Cases and Solutions, TR 36.902 V9.3.1, 2011. W. Zheng et al., Mobility Robustness Optimization in Self-Organizing LTE Femtocell Networks, EURASIP J. Wireless Commun. , vol. 1, pp. 1-10, 2013. H. Zhang et al., Mobility Robustness Optimization in Femtocell Networks Based on Ant Colony Algorithm, IEICE Trans. Commun. , vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 1455-58, 2012. O.G. Aliu, A. Imran, M.A. Imran, and B. Evans, A survey of self organisation in future cellular networks, IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, vol. 15, no. 1, pp.336-361, 2013. 3GPP, Telecommunications management; self-healing OAM; concepts and requirements, 3GPP TS 32.541 v1.6.1, Tech. Rep., 2010. R. M. Khanafer, B. Solana, J. Triola, R. Barco, L. Moltsen, Z. Altman, and P. Lazaro, Automated diagnosis for UMTS networks using bayesian network approach, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 2451-2461, 2008. M. Amirijoo, L. Jorguseski, T. Kurner, R. Litjens, M. Neuland, L. C. Schmelz, and U. Turke, Cell outage management in LTE networks, in Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Wireless Communication Systems ISWCS 2009, pp. 600-604, 2009. T. Sakano et al., Disaster-Resilient Networking: A New Vision Based on Movable and Deployable Resource Units, IEEE Network, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 40-46, 2013. ICT responses to the Great East Japan Earthquake, FUJINO, Masaru. Counselor for Communications Policy. Embassy of Japan, U.S. Telecom Assn. Boarding Room, 2011. 3GPP, Feasibility Study for Proximity Services (ProSe), TR 22.083, 2012. A. Ghosh, N. Mangalvedhe, R. Ratasuk, B. Mondal, M. Cudak, E. Visotsky, T.A. Thomas, J.G. Andrews, P. Xia, H.S. Jo, and H.S. Dhillon, Heterogeneous cellular networks: From theory to practice, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 50, no. 6, 2012.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

hamlet metaphor Essay -- essays research papers

Iterative use of vivid and detailed imagery in a piece of literature is often a way of expressing a theme or concept in a literary work. This is the case in William Shakespeare"'"s Hamlet, a revenge tragedy that continually depicts the vibrant metaphors of manifesting corruption and festering disease in order to auger the impending calamities in the state of Denmark. Throughout Shakespeare"'"s play, there are successive images of deterioration, decay and death. These images are skilfully accomplished through the use of metaphors of rotting and dead gardens. Shakespeare wonderfully creates these metaphors that add great dimension to the play of Hamlet. The garden metaphor is all throughout the play of Hamlet. This metaphor can be viewed in many different ways. Firstly it can be seen as the state that Denmark is in under Claudius"'"s rule and how he is the wrong person in power. A garden is dependent upon two things: the rule of nature and the tender care of the gardener. Claudius, being the gardener, does not tend to his garden, Denmark, adequately enough so the garden begins to decay and eventually succumbs to his poor care. Another way of interpreting the garden metaphor is to see it as a reference to the Garden of Eden and more importantly, the eventual fall of man. Denmark was once under a beautiful rule by Hamlet Sr. but then is overcome by the malignant rule of Claudius and his crooked ways. Similarly, Adam and Eve once lived in the beautiful Garden of Eden but then were exiled to the wilderness of the earth because of their crooked ways. While these are only two of many interpretations of the garden metaphor, these are very important in creating the images of sickness, decay and death in William Shakespeare"'"s Hamlet. One of the many instances in Hamlet where gardens are used to project themes of death and decay is in Act 1, Scene 2 where Hamlet says '"'"'"Tis an unweeded garden / That grows to seed; things rank and gross in nature / Possess it merely'"' (135-137). In this short passage, which is also Hamlet"'"s first soliloquy, Shakespeare introduces the thought of a rotting garden. This '"'unweeded garden'"' is Denmark"'"s state before Claudius"'"s rule. It shows that under Claudius"'"s rule Denmark '"'grows to seed'"' from his ... ...d death for Hamlet and Denmark. Another great way Shakespeare references to a garden is through the character of Ophelia. In the beginning of the play, Ophelia is vibrant with life and beauty, just like a growing flower. Ophelia represents the innocence of Elsinore, a vast contrast to the corruption of Claudius. She personifies a flower in the metaphorical garden. Under Claudius"'"s rule, Denmark starts to decay and become overcome with weeds just as a garden would if it was left unattended. Similarly, Ophelia is a growing flower but when Claudius becomes king, we start to see Ophelia fall apart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.need to finish paragraph William Shakespeare"'"s Hamlet, Shakespeare does a brilliant job of creating a metaphor between the doom of Denmark and a garden. His use of these metaphors created a sense of disease and death that gave readers an allusion towards Denmark"'"s unenviable fate under Claudius"'"s malignant rule. These continuous images create a reoccurring theme of death and decay in Hamlet. While there are many other ways Shakespeare insinuates to the theme, the metaphors between the dying garden and the state of Denmark are of the finest.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Comparing The Cask of Amontillado and The Interlopers Essay -- compari

Comparing The Cask of Amontillado and The Interlopers    Literary devices are tools used by the author to help the reader understand a given literary work. Writers use different literary devices depending on their style and what they wish their reader to get out of their work. One important literary device that is essential for a successful literary work is theme. Theme is the general insight into life that the author shares with the reader. There are a number of different methods from which an author can choose to present his/her theme. One common strategy is to communicate the theme through the use of mood; the overall feeling or emotion conjured within the reader. In Edgar Allan Poe's short story, "The Cask of Amontillado," and in Saki's short story, "The Interlopers," the mood evoked within the reader is used to communicate the short story's overall theme. The mood established by Edgar Allan Poe in his short story, "The Cask of Amontillado," plays a crucial role in conveying to the reader his underlying theme. For example, when Montresor, the narrator, st...

Monday, September 16, 2019

Port Expander Research Paper

1. What is a Port Expander: A port expander is a device that allows one port on a computer system to connect to multiple devices. There are two basic forms of port expanders: internal and external. An internal expander has a connection inside the computer, typically on the motherboard, and the only part the user sees is the expansion plate containing multiple ports. An external device plugs into the existing port and then has multiple places to connect. When not part of a computer system, these devices are commonly known as splitters.2. Types of Port ExpandersUSB Port Expander FireWire Port Expander Ethernet Port Expander VGA Port Expander SCSI Port Expander Serial Port Expander Video Port Expander Audio Port Expander DVI Port Expander DB-25 Port Expander SATA Port Expander3. Are they generic,or can work on multiple computersThere are no specific types of ports for different computers in todays technology. All the computers from PC to Mac have all the same ports on them. Port Expande rs will work for just about any PC.4. Advantages and DisadvantagesAdvantages of using port expanders are that you get more ports to use. If you ever run out of VGA ports, usb, SCSI ,or even Ethernet ports. You can always buy a port expander for it whether it be internal or external. Also In Some cases port expanders are cheaper than getting an equal number of â€Å"real† ports. Disadvantages are a lot of them are external and they can get in the way of you working. Also could use more power and if your power source isn't good enough it could cause problems when you add more devices it consumes more power. The power source Milli amperage is limited theres only so many extra ports you can use. And if you over load the power source the computer wont turn on. Until you unplug them. And I read that it can possibly destroy the power supply but rarely.