The Distinction Between Leadership and Management Assignment

The attribute Between leadinghip and Management - Assignment ExampleLeadership inspires while steering directs people and manages create (Marquis, 2012). Leadership is also focused on vision while management is set achieving an articulated objectives (Kotterman, 2006).Leaders and managers also differ in their behaviors. A leader relies more on his or her charisma to pack followers. Managers on the new(prenominal) hand relies more on formal authority. A leader is also transformational in his or her approach meaning his or her leadership makes followers better. Managers on the other hand are transactional which means that they rely on reward system to motivate their subordinates (Denehy, 2008).Both qualities however are need in an organization to realize its objectives. Leadership provides the vision, the animated spirit that makes an organization thrive. Management on the other hand translates leadership into concrete objectives that should be achieved in quantifiable terms. Both qualities are needed for an organization to be successful. Merely relying on leadership or management alone is inadequate. They are however non mutually exclusive and both qualities and behavior can be had and practiced by an individual.Marquis, B. L., & Huston, C. J. (2012). Leadership roles and management functions in nursing Theory and application (Laureate Education, Inc., custom ed.). Philadelphia, PA Lippincott, Williams &

Sustainable redevelopment of contaminated land Dissertation

Sustainable redevelopment of contaminated primer coat - Dissertation ExampleResearch Philosophy 23 2.3. Research approach 25 2.4. Research outline 25 2.5. Research Choices 27 2.6. Research Framework adopted 29 3. Literature Review 31 3. Literature Review 31 3.1. Complex issues in Brownfield projects 33 3.2. imitates for Brownfield projects 35 3.2.1 Bath Model 37 3.2.2. A-B-C Model 39 3.2.3. Football Model 43 3.2.4. Land Use Puzzle Model 47 3.2.5. Interaction Matrix 47 3.3. Risk assessment in BRP projects 49 3.3.1 Economic Risks 51 3.3.2. environmental Risks 55 3.3.3. Social Risks 59 3.3.4. Technical Risks 63 3.4. Legal issues and problems in BRP 67 3.5. Valuation of BRP sites 69 3.6. sound judgment matrix for case think evaluation 73 4. epitome of subject field Studies 79 4. Analysis of Case Studies 79 4.1. Selection of case studies 79 4.2. Kings Waterfront, Liverpool Case translate 79 4.3. Thames introduction Case study 89 4.4. New Islington, Manchester Case Study 101 4.5. Other BRP Case Studies 111 4.5.1. Stockton-on-Tees Case Study 111 4.5.2. Newcastle upon Tyne Case Study 113 5. Discussions 117 5. Discussions 117 5.1. Discussion of case studies 117 5.2. Development of Critical Success Factors for BRP 121 6. Conclusions and Recommendations 127 6. Conclusions and Recommendations 127 6.1. Conclusions from the research 127 6.2. Recommendations for BRP 129 6.3. Limitations of this research 131 6.4. Suggestions for afterlife research 131 References 133 References 133 List of tables and figures attend 1.1. Approaches to risk management (MAH, 2007) 15 foresee 1.2. Exposure pathways for BRP sites (ENE, 2011) 17 Figure 2.1. The Research Onion of methodology (Saunders, et al, 2009) 23 Figure 2.2. Research framework adopted 29 Figure 3.1. Sustainable dimensions of regeneration (McCarthy, 2002) 35 Figure 3.2. Bath tub model (Alberini, 2005) 37 Figure 3.3. first rudiment Model (De Sousa, et al, 2009) 41 Figure 3.4. Football Model (Boehm, 2009) 45 Figure 3.5. Interaction Mix Model (Schadler, 2011) 49 Figure 3.6. Parameters and inputs for BRP site valuation (RICS, 2003) 73 Table 3.1. perspicametropolis Matrix for case study evaluation 77 Table 3.2. Interpretation of scores(NEMW, 1997) 77 Figure 4.1. Kings Waterfront BRP site (Evans & Shaw, 2012) 83 Table 4.1. Assessment matrix for Liverpool case study 89 Figure 4.2. Thames Gateway BRP map (Delivery Plan, 2009) 91 Figure 4.3. goose egg Carbon home design at Thames Gateway BRP (Delivery Plan, 2009) 95 Table 4.2. Assessment matrix for Thames Gateway Case Study 97 Figure 4.4. Plan of the New Islington site (Grant, 2010) 105 Table 4.3. Assessment matrix for Islington, Manchester Case Study 107 Table 5.1. Summary of scores 117 Figure 5.1. Critical Success factors for BRP (Dixon & Otsuka, 2010) 123 1. access Sustainable redevelopment of contaminated devour, also called as Brownfield Redevelopment Process - BRP, refers to redevelopment of contaminated land that was used earlier for industria l infrastructure and other commercial purpose (EPA, 2005). Such sites would have dispirited to medium concentrations of oil and solvents in the soil, there would be hydrocarbon chemical substance spills, mixing of heavy metals such as lead and paints, asbestos, tributylins and other such harmful material (MAH, 2007). Such sites would have housed Old industrial and chemical plants and other such units many decades back when environmental standards and regulations on spills and pollution were not very unappeasable (Bacot and Cindy, 2006). In many cases, such sites are located along rivers and highways and near inner near city areas and the land is considered valuable due to its proximity to the city centre. Such

Trends in Health Information Systems and Applications (M4C) Essay

Trends in Health Information Systems and Applications (M4C) - Essay ExampleIn the recent years, the use of engine room in managing information about medications, doctors orders, laboratory results, vital signs, nurses notes, and other data related to a particular patient, has been tested and employed by institutions to determine its capability to improve the outcomes of the patient care provided by the wellness care team. According to Winter et al., (2011), a health information system (HIS) is a system that which comprises only the information processing involved in healthcare delivery through the use of interlinked computers that allow a change storage of data for the different health departments and individuals (e.g., pharmacy, laboratory, nursing department, physicians, etc.) which contribute to the overall care provided to patients. Although more or less studies pointed out the lack of specificity of the benefits of HIS to healthcare institutions, its disadvantages (e.g., et hical issues related to information privacy, human-computer interaction problems, etc.) as well as its cost (Kuhn & Giuse, 2001), findings from other reliable researches serve proof to the emerging importance of keeping a centralized health electronic records storage (Chaudhry et al., 2006).

The Arab League's Role in the Syrian Civil War Article

The Arab confederation&aposs Role in the Syrian Civil War - Article ExampleThere is as well the al-Qaida of government response and the consequences that such consequences carried. This theme makes it very important to discuss the over alone concept of political authority and cater utilization. This is because from every indication, the response of the government as an authority and holder of power was something that dragged the Syrian Civil War to levels it can currently be found (Zartman, 2012). Cooperation and interferences that were received both internally and externally from the Arab League were also highlighted as an important theme in the article. Finally, the future of Syria was an important theme raised in the article that leaves the reader thinking if there is any hope at all for Syria from the current position it finds itself.The major theoretical position outlined in the article was international relations. As explained by Carlsnaes (2012), international relations e ncompass the relationships that exists among countries as exemplified through the roles of sovereign states, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, and even transnational corporations. The article clearly shows how each of these stakeholders played critical roles in the Syrian Civil War. Most of these roles were discussed chthonic External cooperation and interference section of the article and clearly outlined the positive and negative outcomes with international relations. By emphasizing more on the role of the Arab League, it is very easy for the reader to get a instinct of urgency for change with ongoing development of Foreign Policy Analysis. This is because the author constantly expressed blend feelings about the impact of the real roles of the Arab League as it was not very clear whether the Arab League registered their front line for the purpose of serving its long awaited ambition for independence and unity or whether the regional dust was there t o focus directly on stopping the war. Into the future, it is important that

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 31

Marketing - Essay ExampleThe museum should set its objectives so that it can move forward and always be referring to the objectives to enhance that it is moving on the right track. The objectives that pull up stakes be set forth should be insolent, which translates to specific, measurable, realistic, and time bound. The following objectives ar formulated using the guidelines of SMARTThe strategies that will enhance the realization of the objectives set above include will be considered. Formulation of objectives is precise important, which is based on identifying the best opportunities from the situational analysis. One of the key considerations is of setting the museums goals are that it should be consistent with the immense term goals of the museum. When mentioning goals and objective, they are a bit challenging but this is the charm it carries (slater and Olson, 2001). The manner in which they are challenging is because they demand a lot of information to be ga thered processe d and evaluated. The external surroundings is usually uncontrollable, but using the normal PESTEL (political, economic, society, technology, surroundings, legal) it is and will be favorable for the marketing plan. The political environment of the company is favorable this is because of the flush statement that will make the government and the local council of Aberdeen to support the project. The mission statement where it states that they will enhance conservation will be very much supported by the state government.The economy of the United Kingdom is one of the most stable economies of the world. This will help so much in the prices that will be set and help to raise more revenues to the Art header and Museum. Social factors are also favorable in the United Kingdom the society of the country is divers(prenominal) and very conservative this can be seen from the fact that the country still keeps the monarchy system of government. The fact that there is introduction of technology in the

Geographic development of New England Colonies and affects of Research Paper

Geographic teaching of New England Colonies and affects of Mayflower Compact - Research Paper ExampleThe New England Colonies was a result of the deprivation of religious freedom in England. When the Puritans immigrated to America, they started colonies where there leaders emphasized Christianity. This group of people were referred to as Puritans since they desire to purify the churches in the New England (Pastoor 388). The authorities banned those who did not agree with them from the colonies to go and initiate their deliver colonies. Rapid growth of New England colonies was a result of rebels who built colonies of their own. Currently, the New England states are Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire as well as Rhode Island (Bremer55).The geographical location of the Puritans was defined as the part of America that in inkling was from 40 to 48 degrees of the north latitude (Bremer 550). The location in length was across the mainland from sea to sea. tillage practi ces of the Puritans went hand in hand with the personality of the environment they lived in. The Puritans cultivated most of their food. They also began fishing and heavy(a) also took charge. The soil was however thin and rocky hence they could not cultivate cash crops. Because of the nature of the soil, they believed it was a sign from God that encouraged them to work harder in their farms (Pastoor 388). They also kept dairy oxen and the geographical layout supported this economic activity. The Connecticut River valley provided water as well as locoweed for the cattle (Bremer 55). The native species of grasses in the bottom and upper locations of the river grew in red sandstone soil, which was the best of soils (Bremer 55). While religion and politics was the centre of attraction, the Puritans sough to concentrate on the higher pastures, the good soil and practical countrified use of the same soil.The Puritans were industrious and built a strong economic base. They participate d in slave handle they made and sold iron, pots, kettles and a variety of tools in other

The Vodafone New Zealand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Vodafone New Zealand - Essay ensampleThe company charged an exorbitant $3.5 for one music track. Phone battery and storage capacity were excessively written off as substandard. The companys arch-rival Telecom NZ registered 60% revenue growth in the same service segment over the review period.Vodafone was relying on its 3G services for sustaining its market leadership position. However, its cellular networks need overhauling for seamless services.Number Availability Telecom has an edge over VNZ regarding number availability on its 027 networks. age Telecom has nearly ten million numbers in its available pool VNZ has roughly tierce million. GPRS Speed Limitations Vodafones slogan-GPRS Business at full throttle is somewhat misleading, as speed is a major limitation of its GPRS mobile data network. The average mobile data speed varies between 20 to 50 Kbps to and from wireless mobile devices over the Vodafone network. Therefore, it is too slow for transfer of files like word doc uments or powerpoint presentations it could take anything fro eight to ten minutes for a one-megabyte transfer. Yet again, Telecom has an edge over Vodafone when it comes to the speed factor. The average speed of Telecoms JetStream mobile service is nearly twice as that of Vodafone, - it peaks over100kbps.Vodafones GPRS limitations are aggravated by a clogged network. Solution developers suggest the use of compression engineering and building intelligence into server environment so that information packets can be transferred keeping be and transmission light and quick.

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT AND LABOR ACT Assignment

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT AND LABOR ACT - Assignment spokespersonThe Medical Screening scrutiny should be readily available when requested or needed for examination or treatment in case of an emergency condition. The section, 1867, also required that the Medicare-participating hospitals to also offer nimble labour efficiently and not considering the payment capabilities of the patients.The Section also requested that a hospital should fork out appropriate and correct emergency medical treatment and stabilize the condition to a patient if open to have an emergency condition. In a situation where the hospitals physician finds out that the patients condition is quite unstable, it recommend for a transfer if and only if there is a guarantee that the transfer helps stabilize the state. Hospitals gouge fancy requests for transfer of patient if they have specialized facilities to cater for the unstable conditions. Some of the specialized services that and hospital should have so a s to accept the requests include burn units. In hospitals, EMTALA functions and responsibilities are usu eithery compound in the Medicare provider agreement. According to the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), all hospitals should meet all the provisions EMTALA.In addition offer screening examination, give appropriate and accept transfers and necessary stabilizing facilities, discover their patients informed and updated on their rights to testing and treatment. Moreover, EMATLA also requires hospitals to keep proper records of patients transfers, and report any transfers that it considers as appropriate. If a hospital does not meet all the requirements of EMATALA, it is immediately terminated on the basis that it has violated and breached the agreement. The responsibilities of EMATALA pretend all the Medicare specialists and the hospitals emergency department staff. Hospitals are expected to keep a record of all the on-call physicians who can complete the medical screen ing exams. The Medicare agreement also requires that hospitals

How does communication affect operations in chain hotels Research Paper

How does colloquy affect carrying into actions in chain hotels - Research Paper ExampleExamining the organisational structure, focus plan, serve up context and the characteristics of chain hotels makes a difference in how many respond to the hotel steering. Each of these combines with the need of having the remediate level of communication. Examining how communication fits into each of these regions will be the main objective of this research study.The association with hotel management for chains is one which has developed into a variety of models and expectations within the industry. The industry of hospitality and the organizational reading that is a part of each structure is one which is developed with the ideology of armed service first. Having hospitality management, node service and alternatives to assist guests with personalized needs with booking hotels and staying in a specific room argon the main associations that are a part of this. This is followed by enhancement of the organization that is a part of the management and the way in which the industry functions. The need to offer the right services has led to management groups, operation rooms and divisions in different forms of hospitality, including housekeeping and food and beverage alternatives. This is combined with the management needd for the overall hotel divisions, including marketing, finances and human resources that are required for a hotel to work effectively (Rutherford, OFallon, 2006).The importance of the organizational structure to manage the services of a hotel has expanded with the current initiatives that are within hotels. The chain hotels require specific services not only based on the management and divisions. There are in any case models which are based on hotels keeping uniformity and offering a high standard of service to continue with operations. The specific component is with the environmental awareness that is within the hotels and how this links to the customer interpretations and the

Motivation for Crusades Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Motivation for Crusades - Essay ExampleThe Moslems themselves kept the routes open to Christians, and the Byzantine empire safe, until 1071, when Seljuk Turks took the lands, and persecuted Christians on the way. Lost land, spiritual conflict, and internal pressures were the background to Western Europes initiation of the Crusades. R.W. Southern notes that The decline position of the Eastern Empire, and the genuine desire of some to save it the even more potent though secret desire of others to profit by its disintegration the dim realization that Islam constituted athreat to Christendomsome hoped to be salve by going others didnt care if they were damned so long as they found new handle for profit and adventure. There was something in the Crusades to appeal to everyone. (Southern, 56)The crusades were, as Riley-Smith states A holy war fought against those perceived to be external or internal foes of Christendom for the recovery of Christian property or in defence of the church or Christian people (Riley-Smith, 1987, xxviii). This was certainly the overt motivation for the first Crusade, as initiated by pope Urban II in November of 1095. This Crusade had a peculiar beginning, and Riley-Smith has made extensive note of this hardly a(prenominal) nobles turned up, and the theatre must have been riskyeven so, his appeal for knights to liberate Jerusalem struck a fit in in western society (Riley Smith, 1995). Urban openly declared Dieu le veult - God wills it (Bishop, 105) for many hearing the unearthly leader of the Western World declaring Gods Will, the Crusades must have seemed to be a religious duty. In considering wherefore this speech made such an impression, it should not be forgotten that the majority of Western Europe was, by this time, Christian in name at the very least. Europeans had been making the arduous pilgrimage to Jerusalem for decades, and in some ways the early Crusades might be considered another form of pilgrimage. Personal penance an d exculpation by faith were still quite strong issues of faith, and would remain so until at least the mid-fourteenth blow (Flagellants during the Black Death being one example of this). Being a Crusader, not only armed combat for Christ but also traveling to the Holy Land to do so, was therefore a religious duty, atonement for sin, and a Holy Quest, similar to that being written about in Early gallant romances. In fact, it seems as though Urban did not intend to have such a salient effect upon the nobles of Europe the impression is that The pop was taken aback by the success of his proposal. No blueprint had been made for the prosecution of the crusade (Bishop, 106). The organization of the First Crusade was rather like a mopping-up exercise, later the disastrous Peoples Crusade in 1096. Poor people such as this marched under their own travel to free Jerusalem, and rather than the idealism of the nobility, their motivations appear to be genuine religious concern for the Hol y Land. It should be clear, therefore, that the overt motivation, religion, was also an emotional force for many of the participants in the first Crusades, Kings and princes, such as Richard I of England, who were not struggling to maintain a fief, were probably

Modern day America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Modern day the States - Essay interpreterTherefore, the stopping point of any community in any part of the world is superior regarding the operations of people. It should be understood that there is no culture that is superior to the other all cultures are superior in their antithetical right smarts. Culture in all of its forms concerns itself with religion, food, and even on what to wear and the way of wearing it. Furthermore, different people from different origins have a language of communication that forms part of its culture. Marriage and music including the way people greet visitors are also some of the dimensions of culture. Therefore, culture is everything common and acceptable to a convention of people. It is, therefore, the intention of this paper to provide a detailed discussion of the similarities and differences of cultures at the colonies to that of contemporary day America. In addition, the paper seeks to provide a brief description of John Adams movie.The cultur e of certain communities within the colonies and that of the modern day America remain different in a number of ways. The difference is, more so, regarding the so many communities living in these places. In addition, food and clothing of the different groups bring to the forefront the assortment of cultures even in areas that people may look at and think they are minute. The United States of America has a diverse culture of its people because of the large population of more than three hundred and cardinal million people. In addition, the Native Americans, Latin Americans and the Africans and the Asians influenced the culture of United States because of migrations. To a larger extent, the United States is called the melt point because of the meeting of so many different cultures that meet and stand influencing other cultures. For instance, it is because of the diversity of cultures in America that the word western culture often refers to cultures in the United States and Europe. O n the other hand, the culture of the communities in the

Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trifles by Susan Glaspell - taste ExampleOh dear, I almost forgot I was in the middle of baking bread, I hope Mrs. healthful will get rid of it. After all this time the dough would to tough to use. How could I stay through somebody strangling John in our own bed Well, I guess its manage I told Mr. Hale I sleep sound. Theres no other answer for it. Unless I really tell them the truth. That I dont sleep in the same room with John, havent in years. But that would be unbearable. scarcely think of what the other folks around here would think of me for telling that. Theyd either think it was a lie to protect myself or that I was one bad wife. Either way that coming turn out at this time would not look good. Plus its not like I have each way to back it up. John is dead now and he was the only other one who knew close it. This place could use a good cleaning up. No wonder people are eternally glad to get out of here, whether they are going to another jail or home, its got to be di e than this place. I wonder how long they will keep me in here. I hope not alike long. I really need to get home and clean up my house. And now it will be even worse with all those men tracking in and out, not caring about how marshy they get the place. What do they care they dont have to clean it. I bet theyd be a toilet more careful if they did. Then theyd understand how hard it is to keep a dusty farmhouse clean.

Eye laser surgery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eye laser surgery - examine ExampleDespite the surgery being carried on peoples eyes successfully and better their natural eyesight, it does not result to lack of use of glasses (Justesen 80). People will still be required to wear glasses to ensure they do not expose their eyes to any new(prenominal) configuration of danger.Eye laser surgery is an effective way of correcting and reshaping your eye despite several challenges. They are several reasons as to why this form of surgery might be deemed important. This might be because mortal is unable to use contact glasses and do not at any cost hire them for their personal reasons such as cosmetic issues (Papel 116). Another reason is that, wearing of glasses limits what one bottom of the inning do e supernumeraryly in reference to entrainment or any other leisure activity that requires pixilated physical participation. In such a situation, the affected individual seeks the admirer of a surgeon to help with the eye problem throu gh the laser surgery (Justesen 80). Others try to avoid as much as possible the cost of maintaining the contact lens because they require an extra care because of their fragility nature.People should apportion several aesculapian grounds before the laser eye surgery process is carried out for preventative purposes. Surgeons recommend an individual to be over 20 years before they decide to use this medical procedure for their eye corrections (Justesen 80). Before the process is carried out, there is need to determine the thinness of the corneas because this kind of surgery has extra risks which can seriously impact on an individual. In case of a special condition such as diabetes or a weak immune system, doctors should be in a position to advice accordingly.There are several rare side do associated with laser eye surgery. most(prenominal) of the notable side effects include glare and the impact of seeing halos around pictures. Others negative effects that result from this kind o f eye surgery are challenges while driving at night or in a mist

Altered Hematology & Cardiovascular System Case Study

Altered hematology & Cardiovascular System - Case Study ExampleHypoxia of central nervous system causes faintness and headaches firearm myocardial hypoxia results in palpitations and increased heart rates (Kumar et al 2005). She has a history of chronic rakehell loss which is due to menorrhagia. Other causes of chronic breed loss include gastrointestinal bleeding, malignant diseases and urinary bleeding. Chronic blood loss genus Anemia results from blood loss in small amounts, which occurs over a long period of time and it results in iron deficiency anemia because the iron stores of the body ar depleted. Consequently, the oxygen-carrying capacity of the red blood cells is reduced and the patient presents with signs and symptoms of anemia. The clinical features of the chronic blood loss anemia are not severe until the hemoglobin levels of the blood are extremely junior-grade (Emmanuel et al 2001). The brusqueness of breath of the patient is explained by the decreased oxygen cont ent of the blood cell which is exacerbated due to achievement (Kumar et al 2005). As mentioned in the field she presented with severity of symptoms while playing golf at a high course which induced exertion. Chronic blood loss is a very important and vulgar cause of iron deficiency anemia which is caused when all iron stores are depleted due to external hemorrhage over a long period of time. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) presents with a skirting(prenominal) blood film of microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells. The serum reserves of ferritin and hemosiderin are utilized in the initial stages of blood loss, however, when these stores have also been consumed, the symptoms of anemia manifest. Serum iron, ferritin and transferring levels are also reduced (Kumar et al 2005). Another... The paper tells that proper amount of rest and limitation of the daily activities to a certain extent leave help the patient to control the signs and symptoms of CHF. The restriction of daily stron g-arm exertion will put little amount of workload on the heart and hence, improve the condition of the patient. The second step in managing the case is a proper diet plan. The patient should be informed to reduce the sodium content in his food items as this will reduce water retention in his body lowering the cardiac workload. The sodium content should be limited to 1.5 to 2g per day. Alcohol consumption should also be lowered pull down to only one drink per day which plays an important role in lowering the systolic blood pressure by 2-4 points. Chronic alcoholism is a very important cause of cardiomyopathy and if the patient shows a positive history of alcoholism he should be advised to consume a low to moderate amount of alcohol. Weight control and a dietary calorie limitation are recommended in the obese patients. They are advised to a body mass index of 18.5 to 24.9 and eat a level-headed balanced diet comprising of green vegetables, fruits, and low-fat food items. Exercise including aerobic and strength training in CHF patients in an adequate amount also helps in improving the patients condition. The patient should be advised to exercise for 30 minutes five to six times a week and increase his physical activity. However, if he complains of angina pain, shows symptoms of respiratory distress, CNS symptoms or increased fatigue exercise should be stopped.

Pilot research for the privatization of zain company Paper

Pilot for the privatization of zain company - Research Paper ExampleFor instance, it enables researchers make a select when they are torn between choosing between a self-administered questionnaire and using interviews.This paper seeks to explicate the steps knotted in undertaking a original film on the research topic, Privatization of Zain Company in Kuwait. a few(prenominal) studies conducted on the telecommunication sector in Kuwait have revealed that privatization of Zain company has played an integral eccentric in the companys steady growth and expansion.The pilot lamp study was conducted from November and December 2014. In the pilot study, there was strict adherence to study protocol. This implies that a small scale version of the full study was tested. In this regard, sixty one participants randomly selected from customers of Zain Company in Kuwait. The demographics that were emphasized on included age, direct of education and the position in which every respondent serv es in Zain Company.The researchers invited the subjects to participate in the study. They were given enough time to make up their decision whether they wished to take part in the research or not. They confirm their consent by signing consent forms. They were then given questionnaires that sought information on their genders, age, profession, educational levels, customer preferences, just to mention but a few. The response rate was recorded and the researchers ensured that data parade went on smoothly.The measuring instrument in this case was the questionnaire. The participants were expected to complete the questions themselves with the help of the research assistants. During this pilot study, it was also vital to ensure that the questionnaire items addressed the research questions accurately. The pilot also tested the appropriateness or comprehensibility of the questionnaire. In addition, it also aimed at finding out whether the questions were clearly understood,

Literary Analysis of American Literature Essay Example for Free

Literary Analysis of the Statesn Literature EssayAs Elinor Ostrom explains, To a great degree, his stories speak for those who are disenfranchised, cheated, ab engrossd, or ignored because of race or class. Hughess stories speak of the downtrodden Afri washbowl-the Statesns neglected and lose by a damaged society. The recurring theme of powerlessness is exemplified in his floor Let America Be America over again, Harlem and The total darkness Speaks of Rivers. Hughes uses rhyme to draw attention to the poetic element of his narration Let America Be America Again.Words such as be and at large(p), ambitioned and schemed, wreathe and breathe etc. all demonstrate rhyming. The teleph unmatchable exchange theme is that the occasion feels odd out of the American Dream. Hughes is writing a poesy of someone who feels that America is a basis that lives up to begin to add up to that. The tone is angry and resentful. In this verse he is not representing the organise of view of one useicular group. Hughes conveys that there are umteen people whove come here with hopes and dreams and theyre being let down.Hes also saying that there is an economic disparity amongst people. In essence the rich get richer, and the poor get poorer, because there is no equal opportunity. That mood is something that is not real for many people because of their race, economic situation, and come up. The lector is immediately introduced to the fact that the author does not believe that America is all it can be due to the fact that the word again is used. He wants America to be the dream it used to be. But the powerful line is 5 which reads America was never America. This enhances what many people feel, that Americas ideals of equality, liberty, and land of the free dont seem real. In a sense there is a positive tone because there is a hope that America can be a great strong land of love, O, let my land be a land where liberty Is crowned with no false patriotic wreath, But op portunity is real, and life is free, Equality is in the air we breathe. Liberty, which is another word for freedom is important in the dream America holds so preciously. The central message here is one of greed. Money is at the center of what America has become.Hughes feels that power, gain and owning property is the focus. Its all most money. He says in line 32 to what America has become in his views. Of owning everything for ones own greed At the later stage of the poem, Hughes is coming back and saying sarcastically that he wouldnt say there is freedom. He is speaking for the millions of people who relieve oneself been struggling, hoping, working, flying flags, who have nothing except for dreams that are almost dead. Harlem by Langston Hughes is a poem that talks about what happens when we hold over our dreams.The poem is made up of a series of similes and it ends with a metaphor. The objective of the poem is to get us to think about what happens to a dream that is put off, postponed what happens when we create our very own shelve of dreams? The dream refers to a goal in life, not the dreams we have while sleeping, but our deepest desires. There are many ways to understand this poem it varies from person to person. Someone alike me may see this poem as talking about just dreams in general. Others may see it as African-Americans dreams.Although the metre of Harlem varies, the poem has a rhythmic, lyrical quality achieved through alliteration, rhyme, repetition of certain words, and carefully placed stressed syllables. People need to think twice before deferring their dreams. Langston Hughes says it best in his poem Harlem asking the question. What happens to a dream deferred Langston Hughes describes the outcome of the question as an altogether bad idea, saying that deferring your dream is fester like a sore or it stinks like rotten meat.By using imagery, he wants the reader to know what it is like to defer a dream and how bad it is. The first image in the poem proposes that the dream dries up like a raisin. This simile likens the original dream to a grape, which is round, juicy, green and fresh. at a time the dream has lain neglected for too long, it dries up. Where the raisin image reprimands the senses of taste and sight, the simile of the sore conveys a sense of billet and bodily impact. By comparing the dream to a sore on the body, Hughes suggests that unfulfilled dreams become part of us, like scars.In Langston Hughes poem The Negro Speaks of Rivers, Hughes makes use of some interesting poetic techniques. This poem is written in free verse, at first glance, seems to be unstructured. Hughes repeats words and lines, but does not make use of repeated sounds. Finally, some of his word choices near the end of the poem help to bring the message of the poem across much strongly. These poetic techniques contribute greatly to the quality of the poem. The textual details of the poem invoke strong imagery related to veins, riv ers, and the roots of trees and give the reader a sense of the timelessness of these objects.In the short first stanza, the speaker in the poem by Langston Hughes states that he has known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins. From this early smirch in the point in the poem, images of the canals of veins that run throughout the human body as well as connatural images of rivers that wind around and are shaped like veins form our understanding that this poem is about more than blood or water, it is about roots and circuits. He has a very deep meaning about how people feel by debating that his soul is so much stubborn now at this point that no external source could change it.Hughes poems illustrate many of the problems that African Americans faced during the depression era, ranging from prejudice and discrete racism to a general air of hopelessness and despair. His poetry basically develops the idea of celebrating and idealizing the Negro life in America. He is not much like the other poets who just uses a individual(a) voice/entity, instead has a tendency to express the visualizations through a number of voices making it more realistic. His expression consists of renunciation and feelings of personal cruelty.

How Pizza Has Evolved Essay Example for Free

How pizza Has Evolved EssayAs of late, pizza pie pie through show up the United States is consumed on a day-by-day basis. Each year, the pizza market place is a $30 billion industry. However, during the early years of our country pizza could only be found in high Italian populated neighborhoods located in heroic cities like Chicago, New York City, and Philadelphia. Due to the increase in popularity and marketing strategies to compliment it, pizza went from peasant aliment in the 1700s to what it has become today. Marketing for pizza was born in 1993 by a pizzeria named mugginss. Patsy had the idea of having some peerless walk down the street eating a slice of their pizza to expose their point of intersection. It was genius because as a country our culture is very big on widget and consistency. Since then marketing for pizza never looked back. Slices at the time were not considered normal but slow changed pots attitude about the whole idea. Since then marketing for pizz a never looked back. Still the pizza market was small and not extremely profit competent. It didnt in truth take arrive at until WWI when some troops returned firm and expressed in the paper how handy and delicious it was over in Italy.This was great publicity because if the troops, who were stationed in Italy, say it is good it must have some truth in it. In our culture it is socially acceptable to be creative and an individual. So a couple troops created the deep dish pizza which was invented at a place called Pizza Uno in Chicago and they are placid serving out pizzas today. As the country was growing and pizza was in more demand, the way about preparing and serving it had to larn so it would be able to satisfy the consumers needs and wants.In 1958 two brothers created a Pizza place like none before. Pizza Hut today is an international franchise with over 6000 stores across the country. In the beginning Pizza Hut only had one store, but as soon as they cognize their busine ss was doing well they expanded. Understanding what the consumers wanted out of their pizza parlor made it easy to weapon system out and provide their product to people all around the area as consistently as if it were at the original location. Dominos pizza took this idea further and then some.Since time is money and people are always on the go, Dominos was able to satisfy these demanding needs with several strategies. Instead of having to glom everything at that moment and go pick the pizza up, Dominos was able to bring the pizza ripe to the doorstep for free. To film their brand as consistent as possible and not have one person making a pizza differently from another store Dominos created a fast(a) system for their company. Dominos was able to make a dumbed down process of constructing a pizza, and NASAs raging air oven to give it that perfect cook every time.All of this was great but there was still a problem with the temperature upon arrival at someones house. So to fulf ill the customers needs of warm pizza, thermal bags were created to sustain the heat for the ride in the car. Finally to push their product and service even further Dominos began to advertise to the customers about their new delivery in 30 minutes or less strategy. It showed that their product was consistent, reliable, and convenient. These two companies have perfected taste and how to serve it pronto to the customers but may be a little pricey at times.A fast and follow effective way to obtain a pizza other than ordering it from a pizzeria is weft one up at the local grocery store. This was just another way of eliminating the intermediaries and giving the people a more simplified choice. Kids have a strong influence in what their parents purchase for them. By placing the take home pizzas at eye level for kids in the freezer section, inclines parents to purchase them more distant if they were placed up higher where kids would not notice them as much.In recent years customizing h as really caught on in American society. Pizza is just another way people are able to express themselves and accomplish the status of individuality. California Pizza Kitchen was able to execute this on a nationwide scale and establish the title of a nontraditional pizza co. giving people the choice to make their pizza any way they like it. Pizza has been molded to form our culture and based off of that culture is how we were able to effectively satisfy the everyday needs and wants of consumers.

Intangible Asset or Liability Essay Example for Free

Intangible Asset or Liability moveCSR requires organizations to adopt a broader view of its responsibilities that includes not only stockholders, but many other constituencies as well, including employees, suppliers, customers, the topical anaesthetic partnership, local, state, and federal governments, environmental groups, and other special interest groups. Although CSR is often spoken of as if it were a relatively new concept, it is in fact an idea with a long pedigree. In the 1950s, the chief executive officeholder of the Ameri atomic number 50 retailer Sears said that the four parties to any business in the order of their importance were customers, employees, community and stockholders. Current discussions ab emerge CSR evoke old questions about the place of corporations in order of magnitude, the manner in which corporations be governed, and the ways in which collective governance arrangements do not compel corporations to respond to claims from society, in improver to claims from shareholders. While CSR is an old idea, its emergence as a significant factor in relation to bodily decision-making is relatively new. The old idea CSR has been rising over the past 10 years or so to a prominent place on the corporate agenda.The world is witnessing what appears to be a transformation in popular views about the fiber of business in society that is on a par with study shifts in attitude, at other points in history, about large issues such as racial discrimination, the environment, and the role of women. By the end of that decade, popular opinion about the role of business in society had evolved to a point which indicateed a widespread rejection of Friedmans the business of business is business dictum.The reason for the shift can be attributed to various factors such as globalization, loss of trust, society activism, and institutional investor interest in CSR. These trends suggest that there is both a growing perception that corporations must be m ore accountable to society for their actions, and a growing willingness and capacity within society to impose accountability on corporations. This has profound implications for corporate governance. CSR in IndiaWith the retreat of the state in economic activity in India, the imperative for business to come to up wider social responsibilities is growing. The situation is complex and India is facing a compounded set of corporate province challenges. At all levels, there is a felt need for companies to graduate to strategic interventions in CSR, which at present in many cases remain ad hoc. There are many companies that may turn over for long-term development. A sense of strategic direction is a vital component in an sound approach to corporate responsibility.Yet, for all these signs of progress, CSR in India has yet to realize its full potential. Individual and collaborative initiatives lapse to be dominated by self-assertion rather than accountability. There is certainly no lack of CSR programs and projects in India what is absent, however, are clear metrics for evaluating their actual impact in improving social conditions. Many Indian business houses, private sector and public sector companies nurture undertaken major initiatives till date and take a leak pick out several modes of practice related to CSR in India.Several innovative measures have also been adopted by companies towards the institutionalization of CSR that includes CSR initiatives by Lupin, Cipla, Ranbaxy, NIIT, TCS, BPCL, and Ion Exchange. To understand the current status of CSR in India, it is important first to map out the landscape and identify the main families of corporate responsibility. For long-established industrial dynasties, such as the Birlas and the Tatas, concepts of nation- building and trusteeship have been alive in their operations long before CSR become a popular cause.

Why Water Is Precious Essay Example for Free

Why Water Is Precious EssayHow does it work? Each year, the UPU internationalistic chest chooses a theme. Participating countries organize the competition at the national level through the game with the support of education authorities and the media. All entries must be submitted through the national Post. Each demesne chooses a national winner and submits one entry for the UPU international competition. Entries must reach the UPU International Bureau no later than 30 April each year. The theme of the 2013 competition is Write someone a earn explaining why water is a precious resource The 2013 theme ties in with the International Decade for fulfill Water for Life 20052015. Water serves a multitude of different purposes, and it is vital that we preserve this precious inwrought resource. Access to water is essential to ensuring the health and well-being of humans and the protection of nature. The United Nations recently announce that the world had achieved the Millennium De velopment Goal by half, the proportion of the population which is without sustainable access to uninjured drinking water. Eighty-nine percent of the world population, or 6.1 billion people, now have access to an better drinking water source.But 11% still does not. 2012 Prize Winners National winner Limpopo Mpumalanga North tungsten KZN Western Cape Free State Eastern Cape Northern Cape Gauteng Tasneem Mahomed, Park master(a) School, Lenasia Dipuo Nthane, Taxila Sec School, Polokwane Prudence Lubisi, Mjokwane Sec School, Komatiepoort Seipei Kekana, Maggies Millenium School, Mafikeng Trinity Z. Maphosa, Bayabonga Primary School, Dundee Zara Wichman, Star of the Sea Convent School, St James Lerato Magagula, Laerskool Sentraal, Bloemfontein Siphokazi Ndamase, Butterworth proud School, Butterworth Ronaldo Giko, Concordia High School, Springbok Tasneem Mahomed, Park Primary School, LenasiaRules to enter are as follows The competition is open to all due south African learners up to 1 5 years. It must be presented in a form of a garner of 500 to 1000 words. The earn must depict and stick to the theme. The letter should refrain from promoting any political, sexual activity bias or religious opinions Use proper quality paper and ink not pencil. The letter can be hand-written or typed The work must be clean and neat. The entry form should be attached at the back of the letter for identification. The entry form can be hand-written, typed or photocopied sensation letter one envelope and send by post.

The Cuban Missile Crisis Essay Example for Free

The Cuban Missile Crisis EssayHistories were at once realities. Most of the stories we read in our textbooks for academic purposes were actual real life experiences of some bulk people who at that time were faced with revere, anxiety and the pressure to make the right decision. Where we are as a nation today is a reflection of the right or wrong decision make by our leaders. Although we can boast of several illustrious leaders whose decision has helped mould the future of this nation, can buoy F. Kennedy was a president whose choice at a critical distributor point in the history of the States made the whole difference (White, 1996). Through his decision, he showed the world that the best way of resolving differences is not through and through warfare but through negotiations and compromise (Graham, 1999).The true test of a leader is evident in his/she ability to make sound and timely decisions when called upon to do so. A good leader must control the ability to respond t o issues, the guts to take risks and foresight to predict what might eventually occur as a result of the decision he/she is making. Where we are as a country today, is as a result of the decisions our leaders have made in the past. No event can be obscure in life rather, we trace the history of every occurrence to what has happened in the past. This is beca purpose the present is a dupe of the past and we must understand the past in wander to make sense of what is happening in the present. Such is the case in our country.October 1962 a year that will be marked on the calendar of the States. For us who read or heard of the story, it was an historic period in America. However, for those witnessed as the events occurred, it was a period of panic, un trustedty and unrest. Nobody could predict what will happen not the American authorities, not the Soviet coalescence and definitely not the citizens of America. As Allison puts it, the thirteen days that the crisis lasted can be descr ibed as the nearly dangerous moment in human history (Graham, 1999). Sometimes after the crisis, Nikita Khrushchev recalls, I found myself in the difficult position of having to decide on a course of operation which would answer the American bane but which would to a fault avoid war. Any fool can start a war, and once hes through so, even the wisest of men are helpless to stop it especially if its a nuclear war. (Gribkov Smith, 1986).The passing game of the realism War II brought with it the advancement of science and technology. During the war itself, the German atomic scientists were encouraged o build nuclear ballistic weapons that was capable of destroying a whole city. Scientists from Britain, France, the Soviet wedding, and the united States came together in a bid to build a nuclear weapon. This was done under the code-name Manhattan Project. The project was sponsored by America and in July 1945, the first atomic bomb was made.Hiding under the guise of being ambushed d uring the World War II, America decided to continue the making of nuclear weapons and each one that was made was much dangerous than the previous. However, as it would appear, it was not only the American government that was amassing nuclear weapon, the Soviet Union was also producing nuclear bombs although not as dangerous or powerful as the ones produced by America. In the strategy of things then, possession of nuclear power automatically makes you a threat to the world and untouchable to other nations. It was a guarantee for safety and it comes with such benefits of being regarded as a world power. America, by inference, was quickly proper a force to reckon with and a predominant power in the world.The Cuban Missile Crisis itself was an accrual of the friction between the American government and the revolutionary government of Fidel Castro. Before the Cuban Revolution of 1959, America enjoyed a great deal of influence on the economy and politics of Cuba (Encarta, 2008). Howe ver, this changed under the government of Fidel Castro. Castro refused to be influenced by America instead he ruleulated policies that gave the American government a reason to be concerned.He seized the property of wealthy Cubans and those of foreigners, who were mostly Americans, in a bid to fix a communisticic system in Cuba. This resulted in the placement of an economic embargo on Cuba. This cut any form of trade between America and Cuba. Instead of giving in, Castro decided to establish a better birth with the communist nations. During this period, there was a cold war between the American government and the USSR a war between communists and capitalist nations.In an attempt to overthrow Castros government, the American government decided to establish relations with Cubans that were against Castros government. The American government trained and supplied ammunitions to anti-Castro Cubans that sought refuge in America. In 1961, these anti-Castro agitators invaded Cuba in the Bay of Pigs. This invasion was not successful and as it expeled out, it consolidated Castros government. Cubans were infuriated with the U.S government because of its interference with political issues in Cuba and as a result gave their full allegiance to Fidel Castros communist government.With Fidel Castro formal declaration that Cuba was a communist nation, the tension between the American government and Fidel Castro intensified. At the similar time, Soviet prime minister, Nikita Khrushchev began a plot to brain-teaserly deliver nuclear weapons to Cuba. This plan was welcomed by Fidel Castro who wants to use the opportunity to protect his island following the threat of the Bay of Pigs. The Soviet premier devised this plan in order to avert any attack that might be launched against the Soviet Union.This plan was meant to be privy to the United States government. Khrushchev did this on the assumption that this action would go unnoticed by the American government. With both parti es fighting a common enemy, an arrangement was made for the quick installation of missiles in Cuba without drawing attention of the United States government. sounding at the crisis from the perspective of the United States government, the crisis began on October 15, 1962 after a U-2 spy plane and U.S. Navy low reconnaissance aircraft took photographs of Soviet missiles which was under construction in Cuba. The following morning, the matter was brought to the notice of death chair John F. Kennedy who immediately formed the EX-COMM. This group consisted of the twelve advisory members who were considered the most competent in handling the issue. professorship John F. Kennedy decided that the EX-COMM meetings should be held secretly so as not to make the Soviet Union suspect that the United States was fully aware of the situation.After seven days of difficult and long secret meetings, President John F. Kennedy openly announced the discovery of the missile installation 90 miles aware from the shores of Flo dischargea. Although President John F. Kennedy was presented with evidence based information that posed a threat on major cities manage New York, Chicago and Los Angeles, he knew the situation was a complex one which called for a tactical solution. He was faced with a situation with potentially severe consequences.However, he could not decide the course of action to be taken against Cuba or the Soviet Union. Although America in 1962 can be said to be the predominant world nuclear power, Kennedy and his advisors knew that launching an attack could turn into a nuclear war that could turn into another World War. On the other hand, the Soviet Union posed a threat if America folds its arms and does nothing (Encarta, 2008). The predicament, as Kennedy conceived it, was severe.After several sessions of hot deliberation, President John F. Kennedy and his advisers came to a surrender that a blockade would be the right course of action to take. Although they did not a ll have the very(prenominal) reasons for supporting the blockade, they agreed to the fact that a full military invasion would be risky give the situation of things. On October 22, 1962, President John F. Kennedy openly announced that the Soviet Union should get rid of all the missile bases and their harmful contents. He also ordered a naval quarantine (blockade) of Cuba in order to prevent Russian ships from bringing additional missiles and construction materials to the island (hpol.org, 1990).For several days, the world watched in fear as the crisis intensified. The American government waited for the course of action to be taken by the soviet premier. This is because a blockade, in military terms, was considered an art of war. Although President John F. Kennedy claimed the action was a naval quarantine, Kennedy and his advisers were not certain of how the Soviet Union will conceive of such action (Encarta, 2008). During this period, several soviet ships turned corroborate to fro m the quarantine line but the missile installation continued. However, on October 26, 1962, the crisis took a new turn with Khrushchev send a coded cable to Kennedy, offering to withdraw the missiles from Cuba on the condition that United States would not attack the Island of Cuba. archaeozoic the next day, President John F. Kennedy agreed to the terms of Khrushchev.

Visiting Nurse Health System Essay Example for Free

Visiting Nurse Health System EssayI. Executive compendiumVisiting Nurse Health System (VNHS) is experiencing difficulty in quantifying the benefits of their telemonitoring services ingestiond to provide apportion to longanimouss recently discharged from hospitals. While the federation believes these services provide real value to the patients, hospitals and insurance companies, VNHS is disquieted about the ability to provide time to come investment in the technology given the tenuous wellness c are reimbursement environment. To continue to grow its telemonitoring services, VHNS should Assess patient specific effectiveness of telemonitors Quantify the advantage of telemonitoring to insurance companies land the technologys accessibility limitations Find secondarys to the telemonitoring service Create and implement a marketing dodgeIn order to accomplish these goals, we recommend the following Develop an electronic means of assessing telemonitoring usage and deference with fin al clinician approval for removal of telemonitor. This will increase the effectiveness of telemonitors by eliminating patients who do not use telemonitors effectively. Automated analysis will be quick and simple.Lobby with FDA and government agencies to pass new act/regulation which forces insurance companies to reimburse for telemonitoring devices Benefits the entire health care industry and reduces cost at double levels. (Insurance companies, patients and hospitals) Create secure website and computer application to compliment Health Buddy. Gives patients a variety of choices to transmit entropy Inexpensive and effective, with no need to upgrade Health Buddy Integrate Health Buddy with alternative technologies Having options to do telemonitoring via internet, mobile application and voice based automated telephone systems will allow VNHS to clasp the cost low. Create a marketing strategy that targets hospitals and insurance companies that do not have a preferred partner status with VNHS. Acquiring preferred status has a direct correlation to the future success of VNHS By targeting specific hospitals and insurance companies, the marketing message can be tailored to each individual client.II. OverviewVisiting Nurse Health System (VNHS) is an accredited nonprofit home health company located in Atlanta, GA. As a home health company it depends on patient reimbursement from Medicare, Medicaid, and insular insurance companies to fund a majority of its operations. As the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) moved to a politic fee for reimbursement and also implemented initiatives to reduce the amount of hospital readmissions due to stay freshable causes, healthcare organizations are under increased pressure to lower costs while also delivering high quality health care. One way VNHS is trying to become more efficient and meet CMS goals is to use telemonitoring devices to assess a patients health remotely.By remotely monitoring patients, VNHS can reduce clinician visits to the patient military position as well as monitor potentially important health information that can prevent the patient from having to be readmitted to the hospital. The Health Buddy telemonitoring device has the potential to improve patient outcomes while bring down VNHS cost. The downside is that while CMS encourages the use of telemonitors, VNHS does not receive reimbursement from CMS or insurance companies when it purchases telemonitors. With a limited supply of telemonitors and a significant cost associated with each, VNHS must decide if telemonitoring is the most cost effective way to increase patient health outcomes while also keeping its costs low.

Shakespeare skilfully weaves political Essay Example for Free

Shakespe atomic number 18 skilfully weaves political EssayShakespe bes aim in issue 1 is to establish hamlet firmly as the pivotal ad hominemity in the pretend What do you see as the immensity of Act 1? Shakespe be does use Act 1 to butt in whatsoever important political and own(prenominal) issues and themes to the audience. It is important that these are established in the first act so that the audience are mindful not simply of the political state of Denmark hardly also the state of the ain affairs of the main(prenominal) characters of the play. There is a lot of evidence to support this first statement concerning political themes and issues.The state of Denmark is in a flash established as an unhealthy political body. This is commented upon by some characters, either directly something is rotten in the state of Denmark or as part of a general feeling of unwell I am sick at heart. This theme of political malaise is also shown through the behaviour of the que er and Queen. gibe to hamlet, they drink so much that other countries clepe them drunkards. Drinking alcohol excessively is unhealthy for the body and as Claudius and Gertrude represent the body politic of Denmark, this shows another sign of malaise and weakness of Denmark politically.The feats of the King and Queen brook another political issue as Claudius is not the just king of Denmark. He has usurped the rightful King by murder and has thitherfore gone against the give of God and only tragedy and ruin corporation come from the rein of this immoral king. We also swindle in this act that Claudius is a hypocrite, village calls him bright damned v blowain, and he proves himself to be an untrus cardinalrthy king. This is also shown through the behaviour of the citizens as the audience direct get a strong sense of mistrust and unease from the first scene as at that place are cries ofWhos there? Nay, answer me. Stand and unfold yourself The presence of a ghost also reflec ts a sense of unease as previous(a) Hamlet is stuck in purgatory and and then cannot rest. Not only are political themes addressed in the first act but current political issues are raise as well. Shakespeare uses Claudius speech to update the audience on what is going on in Denmark. We understand there is a panic from Fortinbras who is seeking revenge against Denmark, but whether or not this is a serious threat we cannot tell as the King is not trustworthy.He makes the threat seem small and insignificant but other characters talk of preparation that point towards what would seem to be a war or some form of military action. An imminent war also supports the theme of political unrest and uncer contaminationy. Personal issues and themes are raised as well in the first act. The most intriguing being the issue of Hamlets personal wellbeing. From the beginning he appears to be a very troubled individual, he starts his opening soliloquy with the pull o that this too too sallied flesh would melt showing an incline towards suicidal feelings and depression-not without just private road though.He exists within a dysfunctional family unit and has just suffered the loss of his don for whom only he appears to be grieving for. He says in this act I do not set my life sentence at a pins fee showing he has no value upon his own life. This points towards self harmful behaviour and as we learn he must seek to avenge his fathers murder, we wonder to what extremes he will go to. In this act we are also introduced to a lot of different characters and the relationships they seduce with apiece other. There is the forbidden, but passionate relationship between Hamlet and Ophelia.As to the nature of the relationship it appears that it is unsaved as her brother and her father warn her against it. This could be because they know the intensity of it as her father negotiation about when the blood burns and blazes. It could be because Hamlet is a unpredictable character a puff ed and reckless libertine and heir to the throne, and Ophelia is somewhat nai ve you speak like a green girl and therefore susceptible to him. It raises the issue and theme of sack out but at the same time tragedy as it appears doomed from the beginning.Another destructive relationship we see in Act 1 is that between Claudius and Gertrude. together they are a pair of traitors, Hamlet calls Gertrude o most pernicious woman and Claudius is referred to, by Old Hamlet as that incestuous, that adulterous beast. Through their relationship the theme of betrayal is portrayed as they have both betrayed Old Hamlet by murdering him and through damned incest. As a result of this we learn of Hamlets broken relationship with his mother and the forced, false relationship with Claudius which reflects the on-going theme of appearance versus reality.There is also the personal issue of brotherly betrayal and going against nature, as it is described as unnatural, which is reminiscent of the biblica l news report of Cane and Abel. And also the devoted relationship between Hamlet and his father which is put to the test as Old Hamlet requests that Hamlet avenge his death. At first Hamlet is eager to do this charge me to knowt that I with wings as swift as meditation or the thoughts of love may swing out to my revenge but later views it as more of a burden The time is out of word O cursed spite that ever I was born to set it right but except feels it is his duty to his father.A similar devotion, tinged with sadness and vexation is the relationship between Old Hamlet and Gertrude. Although it seems Gertrude has forget about Old Hamlet within a month, ere yet the salt of most unrighteous disunite had left the flushing in her galled eyes, she married it seems that Old Hamlet still has affections for her. He warns Hamlet taint not thy mind nor let thy soul contrive against thy mother aught showing that he does not wish Hamlet to hurt or alter his attitude towards his mother is his quest for revenge.Yet his disappointment and hurt is clear as he calls her my most seeming-virtuous Queen. In support of the second statement, Shakespeare also uses Act 1 to establish Hamlet firmly as the pivotal character in the play. He is without delay established as the character who has the ability to drive the plot. He is entrusted with a mission from his dead father and the audience are left at the end of Act1, anticipating what he will do. What happens in the rest of the play largely depends on Hamlets actions.He is the only character so far that the ghost talks to, which shows that Hamlet is an important character and a pivot in the play around which the plot and characters revolve. Not only is Hamlet central to the plot of the play, Shakespeare also uses him to characterise many themes and issues as he is an intriguing character with an added depth that other characters do not have, which is created through Shakespeares use of soliloquies. In act1 alone he has two s oliloquies, which permit the audience insight into his personality and innermost thoughts.Yet despite this he still undependable as he proves to be a mentally unstable character and his actions still provoke many questions. Through this, the theme of appearance versus reality and acting are explored through the character of Hamlet. His supposed ill mental health also represents the theme of sickness and disease that has already been established as a main theme, and of course the theme of madness. Hamlet is singled out through the use of visuals as well as he is the only one on stage wearing black while Claudius is giving his uplifting, do speech Good Hamlet, cast thy knighted colour off. This is to reflect Hamlet as being alone in his grief and mourning for his father which also raises the issue of family relationships. The fact that he is the true heir to the throne, and the rightful King of Denmark now that his father is dead, also puts Hamlet at the forefront of the play He is automatically in the centre of many themes that surround this issue of betrayal and revenge. Many relationships centre around Hamlet as well, as depicted in the earlier argument, and sub plots arise from this, for example the forbidden love of Hamlet and Ophelia.I think the importance of Act 1 is summarised by both these statements. Political and personal themes and issues are raised and affirmed and so is the character of Hamlet. Shakespeare does this to introduce the tragic tone of the play and introduce important issues and themes. The main plot of revenge is also established in Act 1, as are the sub plots like the relationship between Ophelia and Hamlet and the threat of war or attack from Fortinbras. Characters are established and now that the audience are aware of all this, they are able to follow the action that ensues in the remainder of the play.

Scientific Management - for a Different Time and Place Essay Example for Free

scientific trouble for a Different Time and Place actScientific Management was low gear described by Frederick Taylor in the late 19th century. Its relevance to redbrick day management is widely debated in academic circles. In this essay, I result address the examination of whether Scientific Management has a place today, in a 21st Century K like a shotledge Economy, or whether it belongs to a different time and place. I will argue that much of upstart management course session is derived from Taylors theories and that in this sense his diddle is very relevant. Next, I will examine the context in which Taylor developed his principles and contrast this with the contemporary context.Then I will evaluate the relevance of each of Taylors 4 Principles to today, with help from a case study of the NUMMI car manufacturing plant. Finally, I will examine the late forms of Scientific Management, and what the future holds. Standing on the Shoulders of Giants The Academic Contribut ion of Scientific Management Every rule during these past hundred years that has had the slightest success in raising the productiveness of manual workers and with it their real fight has been based on Taylors principles. (Drucker, 1999)Taylors Scientific Management played a crucial break off in the formation of management as an academic discipline. Many of our modern systems are built on the foundations laid by Scientific Management and elements of this are still clearly visible in modern business practice. Before Taylors roots, business management was non taught or even considered a discipline. It was seen as a matter of personal room and that there was no one best way. Taylor challenged this idea and laid the foundations for management to be studied and evolve.He believed that management should e trained and qualified. Harvard, one of the first universities to offer a degree in business management in 1908, based its first-year plan on Taylors scientific management. Scien tific Management influenced many thinkers, including James McKinsey, founder of the consultant firm cathexis his name. McKinsey built on Taylors ideas and advocated budgets as a means of accountability and measuring performance of managers.at once the McKinsey consulting firm is one of the prime contributors to management thinking hey believe that Scientific Management is the future, an idea which will be contested after in this essay. Before scientific management, such departments as work study, personnel, nutriment and quality control did not exist. (Accel-Team) Taylors philosophy was important in the development of principles of management by theorists. Scientific Management advocated the division of lying-in, the separation of planning from operations, clear delineation of authority and the use of fillip schemes for workers.Taylor greatly contributed to the analysis of work design and gave rise to method study, including his time studies, which are described later in this e ssay. Management literature has taken many new twists since Taylors day, with Drucker coining the term Knowledge acetifyers in 1959. Druckers book Landmarks of Tomorrow, describes the declining importance of manual labour. This marked a need to move out-of-door from Scientific Management, a system based on physical standardised tasks.In 1980, management evolved further away from SM when Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham argued that workers need meaning and responsibility in their work to perform well, in their book Work Redesign. This idea contrasted with the disregard to the workers emotions and humanity in SM. The Context of Scientific Management Does the heading It Was Developed for Have Any Relevance Today? Scientific Management was designed with physical labour in mind. Taylor was inspired by what he observed in the steel industry, and developed a style of management which could be applied to the construction, processing and train industries among others.Today, tertiary activi ties form the majority of the economy in developed economies. Taylors system was designed in a time when secondary activities were just replace primary activities as the largest sector, and tertiary activities were hardly developed at all. From this comes the argument that today we have move into a knowledge economy and a new style of management must replace the now obsolete Scientific Management which was designed for standardized physical tasks. Gary Hamel terms this new style Management 2. 0.Taylor developed SM to counteract phenomenon of soldiering which he encountered in the steel industry. The reasons for soldiering were as follows1. The almost universally held belief among workers that if they became more productive, fewer of them would be needed and jobs would be eliminated. 2. Non-incentive wage systems gain low productivity if the employee will receive the same put up regardless of how much is produced, assuming the employee bath convince the employer that the slow p ace really is a good pace for the job.Employees take great financial aid never to work at a good pace for guardianship that this faster pace would aim the new standard. If employees are paid by the quantity they produce, they fear that management will decrease their per-unit pay if the quantity increases. 3. Workers waste much of their effort by relying on rule-of-thumb methods rather than on optimal work methods that can be determined by scientific study of the task. (NetMBA, Business Knowledge Center) Soldiering is not a common practice in knowledge economies.The problem that Taylor developed his principles around are from a different time and place as these three reasons are largely non-existent now. The first reason for soldiering is no longer a problem because today incentive wage systems encourage high productivity through bonuses. Workers believe high productivity will result in promotion rather than jobs universe eliminated. In the successful NUMMI car manufacturing pla nt a no layoff policy was employed to eliminate workers fear that they are jeopardizing jobs every time they come up with an idea to improve efficiency. (Adler)

Microsoft Office Licensing Essay Example for Free

Microsoft Office Licensing EssayThe 2007 Microsoft Office Suites can be purchase under incompatible types of licenses according to the requirements of the purchaser. These different types of licensing be Retail or Full Package Product (FPP) licensing, Original Equipment manufacturing business (OEM) licensing, sight licensing, and academician and Academic-Volume licensing terms (Microsoft Office Suites, 2007). When the Office Suite is purchased from a retail outlet or downloaded from the network, it comes with a retail or FPP license.Retail licenses are comparatively expensive and come with shorter period of actualise from Microsoft. When the software is pre-installed in a newly-purchased computer system, it comes under OEM licensing. The OEM license is bounded with the machine and cannot be apply in a different machine. The license loses its validity once the machine is non-functional or stops working.Microsoft rule book licensing programs are tailored to meet the require ments of companies of different sizes starting from companies having as few as five desktops (Volume Licensing, 2007). The volume license programs offer increasing savings and other benefits with the increase in number of computer systems. Volume licenses are further classified into Open License, Select License, Enterprise Agreement and Enterprise Subscription Agreement.Microsoft Volume Licensing for educational institutions or Academic Licenses are available to educational institutions having requirements of at least five copies and mores. The academic licenses are offered at discounted prices. There are four types of academic licensing Campus Agreement for higher educational institutions, School Agreements for K-12 schools and districts and pre-schools, Academic Open for academic institutions of any size and Academic Select for medium to large academic institutions (Education, 2007).

The study of design research methodology Essay Example for Free

The study of see look for methodological analysis striveAbstractStudies on cast seek methodology be infrequent, although there is a cabbagesensus that more e ort is needed for up(a) forge question look. Previous calls for exercising go against investigate methodology stick been unsuccessful. As numerous studies reveal, there is no single scienti c methodology that is rund in attainment or in any opposite seek practice. Rather, look into methodologies are socially constructed. Since whatever constructions are fall apart than others for di erent purposes, it becomes valuable to study di erent methodologies and their in uence on research practice and results. Proposals for such(prenominal)(prenominal) studies are overed.1 The narrate of send off research methodologyIn many disciplines, research methodology is seldom discussed by researchers. such(prenominal) negl electroshock whitethorn result from several attitudes towards research methodology including in di erence or ignorance. Researchers may be indi erent because their research is well received by the community therefore they need non change or irritate about it or researchers may perceive their practice as science and wish to adopt as their methodology what they perceive to be the methodology used by scientists, henceforth referred to as the received scienti c methodology. Roughly, the received scienti c methodology consistsof several steps (1) observations or preliminary studies, (2) surmise formation, (3) hypothesis testing, (4) hypothesis evaluation, and (5) hypothesis acceptance or excreteion. It is asserted that results of research discovered by this methodology lead to employ research and subsequently, to practical impact. In contrast to this assertion, it is proclaimed that the goal of this methodology is to advance knowledge for its feature sake and non address practical needs nor be responsible for delivering practical results. Most researchers would rarely quest ion this methodology, however since it is im feasible to follow or even hard to approximate, researchers who would claim to pay off follow it, would not practice it.Indi erence may be caused by ignorance often researchers are not familiar with the inside infoof, and the controversies about, the received scienti c methodology. They are unaware of the alternatives of this methodology that we brie y mention later, their practice, and consequences. In fact, most researchers get wind methodology as a fancy synonym for method, while methodology is (or attempts to approximate) a compatible assemblage of assumptions and goals underlying methods, the methods, and the way the results of carrying the methods out are interpreted and evaluated. The ability to validate the attainment of research assumptions and goals through and through the evaluations is a deprecative factor in making the supra collection compatible. The di erence in nastyings assigned to the precondition methodology s pate be illustrated through an example from morphological optimisation. One research method of structural design involves the development of optimization procedures and their testings on benchmark problems. Most researchers will call this method research methodology. However, the assumptions underlying such work (e.g., that optimization is a good model of structural design) and its testing (e.g., that bottomdid benchmark problems are representatives of the complex structural designs performed by designers), or the believe that such research advances practice (e.g., that designers use optimization programs developed in research and that designers practice bene ts from them), are rarely articulated hencerarely validated.If these issues would be addressed, the conclusions would probably contradict those implicit assumptions. First, independent of any discipline, optimization is a actually restricted entrance of design (even with love to Simons (1981) restricted shot). Second, results obtained on simple benchmark problems do not necessarily transfer to rattling design problems nor do they re ect carrying out on other benchmark problems (Haftka and Sobieski, 1992) simple benchmark comparisons provide little understanding of the relative merit of di erent optimization procedures (Burns, 1989). Third, practiti wholenessrs are very reluctant to use optimization procedures (Adelman, 1992 Haftka and Sobieski, 1992). This reluctance contradicts the implicit or taked research goals of upward(a) structural design practice.Indi erence or ignorance towards research methodology relieve researchers from addressing such contradictions or exercising aware choices between methodologies in their research. Many researchers simply follow the method of their close senior peers without questioning or even knowing the assumptions that underlie it. In most cases, only the methodthe actual research military fillis transferred to research apprentices. Thus, driven by soci al proximity, research assumptions become part of the implicit unarticulated research culture.Infrequently, this estate of a airs had called the attention of researchers. In 1987, two representative papers critical of the state of design research practice were published, one by Antonsson (1987) and the other by Dixon (1987). Both papers advocated adopting the scienti c methodology in design research either for meliorate research quality or for up(p) design practice. These and other related papers elicit almost no response from the research community. Since their publication, the state of design research methodology has remained virtually unchanged. Such reaction raises at least two questions what may have caused this response and if this is an expected reaction, is the state of research methodology worth additional discussions? Two glib answers that originate from two di erent interpretations of Dixon and Antonssons papers justify bring forward discussions.First, Dixon and Anto nssons positions may have been interpreted as criticizing the talented de ciency of research and demanding from researchers to exercise a methodology di erent from the one they actually use and one that requires additional e ort. In particular, the methodology Transactions of the ASME, ledger of mechanistic Design, 1995, in pressproposed demanded researchers to seriously test their hypotheses. It mightiness have been expected that such requests would be opposed to or, worst, be ignored. Second, researchers who are familiar with current views in the philosophy of science may have treated Dixon or Antonssons positions as being too simpli ed if they interpreted these positions as advocating for the received scienti c view. Since the stated goal of science is creating knowledge for the sake of knowing, but not necessarily knowledge that is relevant to practice, the received scienti c methodology may hinder improving practice by detaching the products of research (i.e., design theor ies) from actual practice (Argyris, 1980 Reich, 1992). According to this interpretation and its limitation, previous calls for improving research methodology could not have impacted design practice even if researchers had adopted them. If design practice is indeed a goal of design research, di erent methodologies may be needed to establish a connection between research and practice (Reich et al, 1992 Reich, 1994a Reich, 1994b). These methodologies can evolve in various ways including analyze researchers activities and the way these activities correlate with research progress, thereby identifying the relationships between di erent assumptions, methods, and consequences.I have no intention to portion out between these two interpretations or to develop others but to explain how to improve research practice without presumptuous a xed methodology. To start with, we must acknowledge that there are di ering views about scienti c methodology (Kourany, 1987). In addition, we mustacknowledg e studies on science and technology demonstrating that scienti c progress is in uenced by social, cultural, and semipolitical factors. Researchers in various sciences are increasingly acknowledging that knowledge is socially constructed (Pickering, 1992), and knowledge of design, in particular (Konda et al, 1992 monarch et al, 1993). Moreover, the social in uence on research practice includes aspects such as shaping research goals correspond to available grants or unarticulated interests publishing papers to receive tenure or to justify travelling to conferences and fraud (Bell, 1992 Broadbent, 1981).The rst studies on the social dimensions of science analyzed the progress of the hard sciences such as chemical science or physics (Feyerabend, 1975 Kuhn, 1962). More recently, historical or re ective studies in science and engineering have begun addressing the social aspects underlying research and the need for di erent methodologies if practical impact is sought. These discipline s include management science (Argyris, 1980), pedagogy (Guba, 1990), public policy (Palumbo and Calista, 1990), information systems (Bjerknes et al, 1987), cell biology (Grinnell, 1982), design in general (Broadbent, 1981), structural design (Addis, 1990 Timoshenko, 1953), solid mechanics (Bucciarelli and Dworsky, 1980), and even mathematics (DeMillo et al, 1979). Moreover, the social aspects manifested themselves in unexpected circumstances and in solution seemingly trivial issues such as the implementation of computer arithmetic (MacKenzie, 1993)the most basic nucleotide for much engineering design research and practice.The importance of the aforementioned studies is twofold. First, they reject the received scienti c view as the means for formulating theories and as a means for improving practice. Second, they acknowledge and demonstrate that research methodology is a subject of study and constant improvement, and that gaining insight into the procedures of doing research can i mprove research itself. Since science is a social enterprise, the study of research methodology is mandatory for providing guidance in the maze of methodologies and in monitoring the quality of research. In order to sustain credibility, researchers must use and demonstrate that the techniques they develop in design research have some relevance to practice. Moreover, since fundingagencies Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Mechanical Design, 1995, inpress researchers to work towards improving design practice ( matter Research Council, 1991), researchers need to understand what kinds of studies are effectual in practice, how are such studies conducted within budget limits, and which factors account for the di usion of studies results into practical engineering.2 Studying research methodologyResearchers may nd it fruitful to study the objectives or goals of engineering design research how can these objectives be ful lled through research how can progress towards research goals be te sted and how can this overall change be improved. Such study will evolve a repository of methods with their assumptions, interpretations, successes and miserys. This is the essence of poring over engineering design research methodology.This view does not advocate for nor lead to anarchy. Furthermore, the evolving nature of methodology does not empty the usefulness of some principles for evaluating scienti c theories (e.g., such as those acknowledged even by Kuhn, 1987), nor does it mean that methodology is merely an art (Beveridge, 1957) that is not amenable to systematic study. It only acknowledges that the assumptions underlying methodologies and their potential e ectiveness and drawbacks for conducting certain types of research projects must be studied. We now illustrate the study of research methodology by elaborating some issues related to Antonssons six-step methodology (1987, p. 154). Each of the steps raises issues that need further study. These issues are not galvanize some are familiar while others are not. Unfortunately, most of them are neglected all too often.(1),(2) Propose/hypothesize that a set of rules for design can elucidate partof the design process and develop those rules. Several questions arise about the actual execution of this activity. What is a good source of such rules? ar (un)successful designs (Petroski, 1989 Suh, 1990), patents previously issued (Arciszewski, 1988) or design textbooks (Aguirre and Wallace, 1990) good sources? Is studying human designers useful (Subrahmanian, 1992)? The answer is evidently a rmative nevertheless, rarely are these sources consulted. If studying human designers is useful, how do di erent ways of studying a ect the usefulness of the rules hypothesized? Inarguably, such studies bring to bear research methods from psychology and sociology into play in design research. For example, how are designers activities being coded in observational studies? Is the coding scheme tested for reliability by us ing at lease two coders? Are the results statistically valid? Which criteria may be used for selecting candidate hypotheses for further testing? Can the subjective bias in this selection be reduced?Note that the above questions raise a related question. Consider trading the quality of the design rules proposed with the resources to nd them. What kind of information is needed for making a sensible trade o and how can this information be cool and organized? (3) Have tyro designers learn the rules and apply them.How is the above learning process taking taper? Are the designers being taught thus introducing teachers bias? Or do they learn the rules on their own, potentially by solving Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Mechanical Design, 1995, in pressother design problems, thereby excluding the exercise of some measure of control? How are problems selected such that novice designers can solve them yet such that they are relevant to real practice. For that matter, how relevant is an y laboratory experiment to real design? This critical question leads researchers in other disciplines as well as in design to use unlikemethods such as ethnography and participatory research while studying designers. See (Reich et al, 1992 Subrahmanian, 1992 Reich, 1994a) for additional details.Are benchmark problems used by di erent researchers to allow for the replication of results? Is performance on benchmark problems indicative of performance on other problems or on real design? Is it possible to replicate results relevant to real design? Can rules for multidisciplinary design be hypothesized and tested in the same manner? If the familiar view of science is adopted, this study must be controlled to be valid. One minimal requirement is that another root of designers participate in the study, potentially novice designers that did not study the new design rules. Note, however, that since the rst group of novice designers are trained with the new rules, the second group must rece ive similar training with indifference or irrelevant rules. Furthermore, members of the groups must not know which group was trained with the new rules. A better study may also include two groups of expert designers, one that learns the rules and another that learns the default rules. The latter(prenominal) may provide better indication about the relative merit of the new design rules with respect to existing design practice. In contrast, if the study follows a di erent methodology such as participatory research (Reich et al, 1992 Whyte, 1991), the nature of the study would change signi cantly into long-term case studies where real design problems are addressed. Exercising common scienti c methods in this methodology may damage research (Blumberg and Pringle, 1983). (4) Measure the design productivity of the rules.How is productivity being measured? Which criteria are included in the measurement quality of design, time to design, or revenue enhancement of manufacturer? Do the mea sures used adhere to the principles of measurement conjecture (Roberts, 1979 Reich, 1995), or are they ad hoc and unimportant?Do independent designers than those who created the designs, or do potential customers, participate in this measurement?Can the quality of design be assessed without manufacturing it and subjecting it to actual use? How relevant will abstract measurements be to practicaldesign? Is the measurement quantitative or is qualitative information being gathered as well? (5) assess the results to con rm or refute the hypothesis. How is the measured data evaluated? What are the criteria that determine whether a hypothesis was con rmed or refuted? Are these criteria general or context dependent? Note that most philosophers of science including Popper and Kuhn reject the existence of such criteria (Weimer, 1979).Are the criteria correlated with real design? That is, could not researchers nd designers successfully employing design rules that were refuted by researchers ? For example, Fritts et al. (1990, p. 478) describe engineers using theories that produce erroneous results with respect to experiments but that have a matter-of-fact utility of di erentiating between candidate designs.Are hypotheses really refuted or con rmed or are di erent hypotheses effect to be useful Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Mechanical Design, 1995, in pressin different contexts?When is it possible to disregard experimental evidence in favor of keeping a hypothesis (Agassi, 1975)? When can experiments be harmful to progress (Truesdell, 1982)? Does a failure of a hypothesis constitute a failure of a research project or can it provide useful information worth reporting? give archival journals publish such a report? (6) Re ne the hypothesis. The comments on items (1) and (2) apply here. Moreover, How does one diagnose a faulty hypothesis to accommodate confirmable testing? When is re nement insu cient to address the failure of a hypothesis and a new worldview mus t be adopted? The above expansion of Antonssons aim re ects the complexity, richness, and necessity of studying research methodology. It illustrates that the design of a research activity is complex and di cult. It hints thatsome activities that lead to research successes may fail other research and that some activities may not be compatible with some methodologies. Furthermore, research failures (OR SUCCESSES) can lead to practical successes (or failures). Therefore, it is critical to identify where methods fail or succeed and in relation to which assumptions.Summary wisdom does not progress according to a typical methodology, nor could engineering design research especially not if the goal is advancing design practice and not some abstract understanding. Di erent research scenarios consisting of di erent goals, disciplines, and cultural settings, may call for di erent research methodologies for attaining the stated goals. Research involves design and therefore design researchers must be re ective continuously. This paper illustrated how researchers can be re ective upon their research methodology. If researchers object to such re ection, they risk losing credibility and, more importantly, lose the chance of discovering whether their work is meaningful.AcknowledgmentsThe ideas explicit in this paper bene ted from discussions with Suresh Konda, Sean Levy, Shoulamit Milch-Reich, Ira Monarch, and Eswaran Subrahmanian. This work was done partly while the author was with the Department of civilized and Environmental plan, Duke University, Durham, NC. and the Engineering Design Research Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.ReferencesAddis, W. (1990). 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Reidel Publishing Company.Weimer, W. B. (1979). Notes on the Methodology of Scienti c Research, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. Whyte, W. F., editor (1991). Participatory follow through Research, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Mechanical Design, 1995, in press