Ethical Issues Of Volkswagen Business Activities †MyAssignmenthelp.co

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Issues Of Volkswagen Business Activities. Answer: Introduction For the contemporary business organizations, various factors are there to be considered in order to stay ahead in the competition. In addition, contemporary business organizations also have to consider the maintenance of their goodwill and reputation in the market in order to main the positive brand image (Maor, Gilad Bloom, 2012). Thus, business organizations face issues in maintaining the goodwill in the market along with initiating aggressive business objectives. Ethical issues are being emerged from the ineffectivemanagement of the leadership as well as poor organizing ability in the organization (Bello, 2012). Moreover, in some cases various business organizations involve in unethical activities in view to gain profits in short time. Thus, for the emergence of the ethical issues for the contemporary business organizations, there are various determining factors, which promote the organizations in involving in unethical approaches. Volkswagen is one of the prominent automobile organizations in the world having their presence in different countries around the world. They are second to Toyota in terms of volume of sales across the world. With having rich history and automobile heritage and having involved various innovations, which changed the scenario of the global automobile industry, Volkswagen is one of the most trusted automobile brands in the world. However, in the recent years, the brand value for them is at stake due to the origination of few unethical issues in their internal operations. The emergence of the unethical business strategies in the operation of Volkswagen have not only tampered their positive brand value across the world, but also attracted various lawsuits. This essay will discuss about the ethical issues being faced by Volkswagen in their business activities along with evaluating the ethical dilemma being faced by them. Different theories related to organizational ethics will be discussed in relation to the ethical dilemma being faced by Volkswagen. Ethical issues being faced by Volkswagen Marketing force is the key motivating factor for the Volkswagen to get indulges in unethical business principles. In order to overtook Toyota in acquiring the status of global market leadership, upper levelmanagement in Volkswagen set out an aggressive business objectives. However, the business objectives and goals being set out by the uppermanagement pressurized the engineers in the organization rather than motivating to bring out new and innovative products. In acquiring the market leadership status from Toyota, Volkswagen targeted the market of United States further penetration. However, in operating in the market of United States, they have taken the unconventional route of introducing diesel vehicles rather than introducing the new age hybrid vehicles (Kansascity.com, 2017). This decision was quite distinctive due to the reason that, diesel vehicles holds only 5 percent of the total market share of the entire automobile market of United States. However, in creating the success path for operating in the American market, unethical business strategies are being involved by them. According to the legislations of vehicle emission in United States, diesel vehicles have to go through stringent regulations to pass for commercialization (Barrett et al., 2015). However, it was an impossible task for the engineers in Volkswagen to design their vehicles in fewer periods to adhere with the American legislations. In this case, the autocratic leadership style being possessed by then CEO of Volkswagen Martin Winterkorn plays a key role in motivating the engineers to employ unethical means. Engineers in Volkswagen installed cheating software, which helped in showing lower rating of emission from the vehicles when being tested, however, the practical scenario, is quite different being emitting 35 percent more than the given ratings (Ewing, 2015). Thus, they are involved in a huge unethical business principle in operating in the market of United States. Afterwards the further investigation reveals the unethical practices of them, which lead to the crash in the global stock prices of Volkswagen. In addition, CEO was being sacked along with some other top officials. All cars in United States being manufactured in 2015 are being recalled, which further caused huge cost for them. Above all of these, the positive reputation and goodwill that they had earned were at stake, which caused huge deep impact in their sales. Application of the theoretical concepts There are various theories being stated by the different authors in relation to the ethical principles to be followed. However, in this case, the first ethical theory that will be used in analyzing the issue with Volkswagen is the rule based or utilitarian ethical theory. This theory is being penned by Jeremy Bentham (Bonnefon, Shariff Rahwan, 2015). According to this theory, the ultimate objective or goal of ethical decision-making is to maximize the benefits of the organization and considering the welfare of all the associated stakeholders. However, in the case of the Volkswagen, the decision of installing the cheating software in the cars is being taken for enhancing the organizational performance, but the stakeholder welfare is not being considered. Due to this reason, various internal stakeholders are being terminated from their job. In addition, due to the crash in the stock price of Volkswagen in the global share market, the valuation of the shareholders are also being affect ed. Thus, welfare of the shareholders is not being taken in to consideration. Due to this reason, the decision taken by Volkswagen of installing cheating software in their cars cannot be termed as ethical. Another prominent theory in relation to the ethical decision-making is the justice based ethical theory. This theory is being stated by John Rawls and according to this theory, if the outcome of any decisions being taken is fair, neutral and transparent, then the decision-making process can be termed or considered as ethical decision-making process (Craft, 2013). In the case of Volkswagen, the outcome of the decision of installing cheating software is negative and caused negative implications on the business equity of Volkswagen. Thus, in this case also, the decision being taken by them cannot be termed as ethical decision-making. This is due to the fact that, the key motive or objective of the decision being taken by Volkswagen is to overlap the regulatory policies to operate in the market of United States. Thus, the key objective was also not ethical and maintained equality. Moreover, the decision is also not fair due to the reason that, in taking the decision, only the profitabili ty of the organization is being taken in to consideration. The probable implications on the environment along with other implications on the owner of the vehicles are also not being taken in to consideration. Thus, the process of decision-making is not transparent and fair. Plato and Aristotle had stated another effective theory of ethical decision-making. According to this theory of virtue based ethical theory, if the decision is being taken to accomplish any positive and fair task in the right way and in the right time, then only it can be termed as ethical process of decision-making (Crossan, Mazuties Seijits, 2013). However, in the case of the Volkswagen, the core objective of their decision to overlap the regulations in operating in the American automobile market is not positive or ethical. Thus, according to this theory also, the decision being taken by them cannot be considered as ethical decision-making. Thus, from above analysis of the decision being taken by Volkswagen in comparison to the different ethical theories, it is being seen that, the decision of Volkswagen cannot be considered as the ethical decision-making. It is not adhering to any one criterion of the theories being discussed here in this essay. Critical evaluation of the ethical concepts The words that have become very common in todays business world are fraud, window dressing, regulatory evasion and deceit. Volkswagen has been under the radar for a long time because of the emission scandal and has been thoroughly criticized by many researchers. Volkswagen is one of the ideal examples of the corporate malpractices in an organization. The organization has rigged the diesel engines in order to falsify the emission test (LSE Management, 2017). This is an incident of corporate misbehavior, which has hampered the sustainability of the business along with the corporate social responsibilities of the organization. The concept that the goal of any organization is only to maximize the profit of the shareholders is a myth. Similarly the concept which states that stakeholders only care about the stock is also a myth as most of the organizations are using double and triple bottom line for the identify the contribution of the organization to the society. Volkswagens decision to c heat in the emission test can be considered to be a result of these myths. This has caused the decrease in the price of stocks of the company, which shows this practice is one of the ethical blunders made by the higher ups in the organization (The Globe and Mail., 2017). This has caused most of the organizations to adopt triple bottom line, which will facilitate in maintaining the ethical practices of the organization. The balance between the three bottom lines is essential for maintaining the sustainability of the organization. This incident can be a failure for the leaders of the organization as they were unable to provide right guidance for the people in the organization. There are many dimensions that are being attached to being a good leader and drive is one of the factors that pushed the organization to make improvements in the business model of the organization. However, in this scenario drive is the factor that has lead to the malpractices of the organization (Dishman, 2015). However, in this case of Volkswagen the point of view of Martin Winterkon is essential the ethic dilemma and evaluation of the theories. The use of the technological knowledge for the benefit of the organization by hampering the corresponding environment has to be analyzed. It is obvious that the cheat device would have provide the organization with competitive advantage as diesel cars are more fuel efficient and the organization would have been able to sell more number of cars in the United States market. Moreover, the CEO of the organization knew about everything and still allowed this to happen. The consequentialism is of the ethical concepts that will be critically evaluating the ethical perspective. Consequentialism can be of different types but the focus will be on the Utilitarianism. This theory states that every action will have to accomplish something that is for the greater good of the surrounding environment. this means that the theory will aim to maximize the pleasure of maximum amount of people in the bets possible way (Baron, 2017). According to this theory, every choice and decision can be reduced to a factor of pleasure. In this case, utilitarianism will be used to understand various perspectives, as it is include several parties. The parties that are involved are the employees and Volkswagen including the CEO of the organization, the environmental test agency, the consumers and the indirect parties that are involved are the people living the countries where the products are being sold. According to the utilitarianism, the act is not acceptable as is it not contributing to the greater good of the people involved in it. Moreover, when the scandals were found out it left no one happy and caused harm to every party involved in it. Volkswagen will have to be blamed for their actions, as they were aware of the fact heat they were doing wrong and causing harm to the environment still, they ignored their morality (Kahane et al., 2015). The organization had the resources and the infrastructure for developing cars as per the regulations give by the industry but their drive in increasing the productivity and the profitability of the organization made them do what is ethically in appropriate. The decision that the organization took was only beneficial to its stakeholders and did not contribute for the greater good of the society. Thus, punishment is necessary for the organization and according to the theory of utilitarianism, punishment is possible and necessary so that the whole society can be provided with a better utility. this would help to make sure that this action are repeated by the organization and be a lesson for the other organizations who are planning use this kind of unethical practices for their own benefit (Cohen Ahn, 2016). The next theory that will be used to critically analyze this case is Deontology. Deontology belongs to the normative theory and so the focus will be on the moral actions of the organization. The theory is based on the choices that an organization has which is either morally permitted or forbidden (Trevino Nelson, 2016). Kantianism is one of the major theories that have been included in deontology and is one of the ethical streams. The argument that has been proposed by this theory states that obeying the categorical imperative is the way of making ethically appropriate decisions. This means that in case of Volkswagen, the organization should have their own sets of principles. According to this theory, the organizational principles should consist of categorical imperatives such as, safe, attractive and environmentally sound. The principles of the organization should be to provide a tough competition to the global car manufacturing market and set a benchmark for all the other companie s in the market (Crane Matten, 2016). When analyzing the actions of the company it can be seen that according to the categorical imperative of the organization they were ethically correct. They followed two of the factors that are safety and attractiveness but the product had effected the environment immensely. The actions of the organization were to mislead the testing agencies and this would have affected the consumers, as they had to pay more prices for the cars even though the emission of gases from the cars was higher than the standard. There is a four-stage procedure to the categorical imperative and this will used to analyze the case of Volkswagen. This first stage includes the identification of a Maxim Volkswagen, which has implemented cheat software and has lied about his fact. The next stage will include the universalizing of the Maxim, which means to standardize the actions taken by Volkswagen (Fryer, 2016). This shows that if all the reputed organizations use similar ch eat devices to falsify the emission rate of their cars then will it be feasible for the society. There is another question that has to be asked in this context that whether the organization is able to sell their products in this way to the target consumers. The next stage will include the establishment of the Maxim that states that the organization selling cars at a high and the emission of gases from the cars is much higher than the industry standard that has been prescribed. It will be hard to imagine that all the companies in the market are using similar kind of strategies and lying about their organizational malpractices. The last stage will assume that the imperatives taken by Volkswagen are the law of the new world that has been created. Thus, if a world is created as this would it be good for the feasibility of the environment. the conclusion that can be drawn for this theory states that the actions made by the organization are not permissible for e society and the surroundin g environment. Moreover, this act committed by the organization is not morally right and they are morally punishable (Hunt, 2016). The final theory is the Shareholders theory and it will be used to provide a different dimension to the society. This will explain the social responsibility of the organization and the practices that will have to be maintained. Shareholders provide economic drive to the organization and they are responsible socially for the organization (Clarke Friedman, 2016). The goals of the organization should to maximize the profit and provide returns to the shareholders. Dividends are the way of providing the consumers with profits that the organization have incurred during the given fiscal year. The stock prices of the organization will determine the value that has been created and the stakeholders are the one who will decide what they want do with the value they have created. The social responsibility decision should be taken by the shareholders and not the executives that has been hired for this purpose (Miles, 2017). Volkswagen stock decreased significantly due to this incident and the com petitors in the market such as BMW and Daimler had gained significant competitive advantage in the market. This was considered to be a free fall for the organization as the scandal became known to the public. The organization had developed the strategy to fulfill their short-term goals and they were able to do it but when the company got exposed it was impossible for the organization maintain their sustainability in the market. The justice theory states that if the outcome of theory is right then the practices of he organization can be stated as ethical. In this scenario, it is seen that the result of the organizational practices was causing harm to the society and thus, Volkswagen could be considered unethical in their practices (Duarte Hanstad, 2016). Volkswagens use of cheat software to falsify the emission standards has caused a lot of damage to the corresponding environment and at the same time has cheated the consumers who were not aware of this situation. Thus, from this approach it can be concluded that the approaches of the organization are purely unethical. Thus, justice has to be served and Volkswagen has to be punished. Conclusion Thus, the conclusion that can be drawn is that the practices of the organization are highly unethical and should be punished for their wrong doings. The essay analyzed the case of Volkswagen by using the various ethical theories. The analysis suggests that the organization was unethical in their practices and used malpractices in the organization to gain competitive advantage in the market. Utilitarianism, deontology and justice theory have provided different dimensions to the scandal of Volkswagen but still the result is the same. The theories have concluded that the practices of the organization are unethical and not acceptable to the society and the corresponding environment. The act of Volkswagen is highly immoral and so the companies have been punished for their practices. However, it is advisable that the organization should have a leader who is ethically moral and is focused on the triple bottom line of the organization. References Baron, J. (2017). Uncertainty and Probability within Utilitarian Theory. Diametros, (53), 6-25. Barrett, S. R., Speth, R. L., Eastham, S. D., Dedoussi, I. C., Ashok, A., Malina, R., Keith, D. W. (2015). Impact of the Volkswagen emissions control defeat device on US public health.Environmental Research Letters,10(11), 114005. Bello, S. M. (2012). Impact of ethical leadership on employee job performance.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(11). Bonnefon, J. F., Shariff, A., Rahwan, I. (2015). Autonomous vehicles need experimental ethics: are we ready for utilitarian cars?.arXiv preprint arXiv:1510.03346. Clarke, C., Friedman, H. H. (2016). 'Maximizing Shareholder Value': A Theory Run Amok. i-Manager's Journal on Management, 10(4), 45. Cohen, D. J., Ahn, M. (2016). A subjective utilitarian theory of moral judgment. Craft, J. L. (2013). A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 20042011.Journal of Business Ethics,117(2), 221-259. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016).Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Crossan, M., Mazutis, D., Seijts, G. (2013). In search of virtue: The role of virtues, values and character strengths in ethical decision making.Journal of Business Ethics,113(4), 567-581. DISHMAN, L. (2015). How Volkswagens Company Culture Could Have Led Employees To Cheat | Fast Company. Fast Company. Retrieved 13 October 2017, from https://www.fastcompany.com/3054692/how-volkswagens-company-culture-could-have-led-employees-to-cheat Duarte, M., Hanstad, T. I. (2016). Realizing global justice: Theory and practice. Etikk i praksis-Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics, 10(2), 1-10. Ewing, J. (2015). Volkswagen says 11 million cars worldwide are affected in diesel deception.The New York Times,22. Fryer, M. (2016). A role for ethics theory in speculative business ethics teaching. Journal of Business Ethics, 138(1), 79-90. Hunt, S. D. (2016). Personal moral codes and the Hunt-Vitell theory of ethics. Business Ethics: New Challenges for Business Schools and Corporate Leaders: New Challenges for Business Schools and Corporate Leaders, 18. Kahane, G., Everett, J. A., Earp, B. D., Farias, M., Savulescu, J. (2015). Utilitarianjudgments in sacrificial moral dilemmas do not reflect impartial concern for the greater good. Cognition, 134, 193-209. LSE Management. (2017). Volkswagen: the need to enforce ethical corporate behaviour. LSE Management. Retrieved 13 October 2017, from https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/management/2016/03/21/volkswagen-the-need-to-enforce-ethical-corporate-behaviour/ Maor, M., Gilad, S., Bloom, P. B. N. (2012). Organizational reputation, regulatory talk, and strategic silence.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,23(3), 581-608. Miles, S. (2017). Stakeholder Theory Classification, Definitions and Essential Contestability. In Stakeholder Management (pp. 21-47). Emerald Publishing Limited. The Globe and Mail. (2017). The Volkswagen emissions scandal: A case study in corporate misbehaviour. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 13 October 2017, from https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/the-vw-emissions-scandala-case-study-in-what-not-to-do/article26550100/?ref=https://www.theglobeandmail.com Trevino, L. K., Nelson, K. A. (2016). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. John Wiley Sons. VW scandal a case study in bad corporate ethics. (2017).kansascity. Retrieved 12 October 2017, from https://www.kansascity.com/opinion/editorials/article87287037.html